Heterocyclic compounds as immunomodulators

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compounds of Formula (I′), methods of using the compounds as immunomodulators, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. The compounds are useful in treating, preventing or ameliorating diseases or disorders such as cancer or infections.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application is concerned with pharmaceutically active compounds. The disclosure provides compounds as well as their compositions and methods of use. The compounds modulate PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction and are useful in the treatment of various diseases including infectious diseases and cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The immune system plays an important role in controlling and eradicating diseases such as cancer. However, cancer cells often develop strategies to evade or to suppress the immune system in order to favor their growth. One such mechanism is altering the expression of costimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules expressed on immune cells (Postow et al, J. Clinical Oncology 2015, 1-9). Blocking the signaling of an inhibitory immune checkpoint, such as PD-1, has proven to be a promising and effective treatment modality.

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), also known as CD279, is a cell surface receptor expressed on activated T cells, natural killer T cells, B cells, and macrophages (Greenwald et al, Annu. Rev. Immunol 2005, 23:515-548; Okazaki and Honjo, Trends Immunol 2006, (4):195-201). It functions as an intrinsic negative feedback system to prevent the activation of T-cells, which in turn reduces autoimmunity and promotes self-tolerance. In addition, PD-1 is also known to play a critical role in the suppression of antigen-specific T cell response in diseases like cancer and viral infection (Sharpe et al, Nat Immunol 2007 8, 239-245; Postow et al, J. Clinical Oncol 2015, 1-9).

The structure of PD-1 consists of an extracellular immunoglobulin variable-like domain followed by a transmembrane region and an intracellular domain (Parry et al, Mol Cell Biol 2005, 9543-9553). The intracellular domain contains two phosphorylation sites located in an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif, which suggests that PD-1 negatively regulates T cell receptor-mediated signals. PD-1 has two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2 (Parry et al, Mol Cell Biol 2005, 9543-9553; Latchman et al, Nat Immunol 2001, 2, 261-268), and they differ in their expression patterns. PD-L1 protein is upregulated on macrophages and dendritic cells in response to lipopolysaccharide and GM-CSF treatment, and on T cells and B cells upon T cell receptor and B cell receptor signaling. PD-L1 is also highly expressed on almost all tumor cells, and the expression is further increased after IFN-γ treatment (Iwai et al, PNAS 2002, 99(19):12293-7; Blank et al, Cancer Res 2004, 64(3):1140-5). In fact, tumor PD-L1 expression status has been shown to be prognostic in multiple tumor types (Wang et al, Eur J Surg Oncol 2015; Huang et al, Oncol Rep 2015; Sabatier et al, Oncotarget 2015, 6(7): 5449-5464). PD-L2 expression, in contrast, is more restricted and is expressed mainly by dendritic cells (Nakae et al, J Immunol 2006, 177:566-73). Ligation of PD-1 with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 on T cells delivers a signal that inhibits IL-2 and IFN-γ production, as well as cell proliferation induced upon T cell receptor activation (Carter et al, Eur J Immunol 2002, 32(3):634-43; Freeman et al, J Exp Med 2000, 192(7):1027-34). The mechanism involves recruitment of SHP-2 or SHP-1 phosphatases to inhibit T cell receptor signaling such as Syk and Lck phosphorylation (Sharpe et al, Nat Immunol 2007, 8, 239-245). Activation of the PD-1 signaling axis also attenuates PKC-θ activation loop phosphorylation, which is necessary for the activation of NF-κB and AP1 pathways, and for cytokine production such as IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF (Sharpe et al, Nat Immunol 2007, 8, 239-245; Carter et al, Eur J Immunol 2002, 32(3):634-43; Freeman et al, J Exp Med 2000, 192(7):1027-34).

Several lines of evidence from preclinical animal studies indicate that PD-1 and its ligands negatively regulate immune responses. PD-1-deficient mice have been shown to develop lupus-like glomerulonephritis and dilated cardiomyopathy (Nishimura et al, Immunity 1999, 11:141-151; Nishimura et al, Science 2001, 291:319-322). Using an LCMV model of chronic infection, it has been shown that PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibits activation, expansion and acquisition of effector functions of virus-specific CD8 T cells (Barber et al, Nature 2006, 439, 682-7). Together, these data support the development of a therapeutic approach to block the PD-1-mediated inhibitory signaling cascade in order to augment or “rescue” T cell response. Accordingly, there is a need for new compounds that block PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula (I′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein constituent variables are defined herein.

The present disclosure provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein constituent variables are defined herein.

The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

The present disclosure further provides methods of modulating or inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction in an individual, which comprises administering to the individual a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

The present disclosure further provides methods of treating a disease or disorder in a patient comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Compounds

The present disclosure provides, inter alia, compounds of Formula (I′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

one of X¹ and X² is O or S and the other of X¹ and X² is N, CR¹ or CR²;

X³ is N or CR³;

X⁴ is N or CR⁴;

X⁵ is N or CR⁵;

X⁶ is N or CR⁶;

at least one of X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵ and X⁶ is N;

Y¹ is N or CR^(8a);

Y² is N or CR^(8b);

Y³ is N or CR^(8c).

Cy is C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl, or 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents;

R¹, R², R^(8a), R^(8b) and R^(8c) are each independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl-, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₆₋₁₀aryl-C₁₋₄alkyl-, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, halo, CN, OR¹⁰, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, NH₂, —NHR¹⁰, —NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NHOR¹⁰, C(O)R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C(O)OR¹⁰, OC(O)R¹⁰, OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)OR¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C(═NR¹⁰)R¹⁰, C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)₂NR¹⁰R¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰, S(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, S(O)₂R¹⁰, and S(O)₂NR¹⁰R¹⁰, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl-, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₆₋₁₀aryl-C₁₋₄alkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄alkyl-, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₆₋₁₀aryl-C₁₋₄alkyl-, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R¹, R², R^(8a), R^(8b), R¹⁰ and R^(8c) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 independently selected R^(d) substituents;

R⁹ is Cl, Br, I, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NO₂, OR¹¹a, SR¹¹, NH₂, —NHR¹¹, —NR¹¹R¹¹, NHOR¹¹, C(O)R¹¹, C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(O)OR¹¹, OC(O)R¹¹, OC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)R¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)OR¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(═NR¹¹)R¹¹, C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂NR¹¹R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, S(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, S(O)₂R¹¹, and S(O)₂NR¹¹R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R⁹ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(8b) substituents;

each R¹¹ is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R¹¹ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 independently selected R substituents;

R^(11a) is selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 independently selected R substituents;

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), NHOR^(a), C(O)R^(a), C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)NR^(a)R^(a), NHR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), NR^(a)C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NR^(a))R^(a), C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), and S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R substituents, with the proviso that at least one of R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is other than H;

or two adjacent R⁷ substituents on the Cy ring, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a fused phenyl ring, a fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, a fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring or a fused C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl ring, wherein the fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring and fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring each have 1-4 heteroatoms as ring members selected from N, O and S and wherein the fused phenyl ring, fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring and fused C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl ring are each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 independently selected R substituents;

each R^(a) is independently selected from H, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(a) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(d) substituents;

each R^(d) is independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, halo, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NH₂, NHOR^(e), OR^(e), SR^(e), C(O)R^(e), C(O)NR^(e)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), OC(O)R, OC(O)NR^(e)R^(e), NHR^(e), NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)OR^(e), C(═NR^(e))NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(═NR^(e))NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(═NOH)NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(═NCN)NR^(e)R^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)NR^(e)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), NR'S(O)₂R^(e), NR'S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(e), and S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(e), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(d) are each optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

each R substituent is independently selected from halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, OH, NH₂, NO₂, NHOR^(c), OR^(c), SR^(c), C(O)R^(c), C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), C(O)OR^(c), OC(O)R^(c), OC(O)NR^(c)R^(c), C(═NR^(c))NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)C(═NR)NR^(c)R^(c), NHR^(c), NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)C(O)R^(c), NR^(c)C(O)OR^(c), NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)₂R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)R^(c), S(O)NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)₂R^(c) and S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c); wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R are each further optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(d) substituents;

each R^(c) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(c) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(f) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, halo, CN, NHOR^(g), OR^(g), SR^(g), C(O)R^(g), C(O)NR^(g)R^(g), C(O)OR^(g), OC(O)R^(g), OC(O)NR^(g)R^(g), NHR^(g), NR^(g)R^(g). NR^(g)C(O)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)OR^(g), C(═NR^(g))NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(═NR^(g))NR^(g)R^(g), S(O)R^(g), S(O)NR^(g)R^(g), S(O)₂R^(g), NR^(g)S(O)₂R^(g), NR^(g)S(O)₂NR^(g)R^(g), and S(O)₂NR^(g)R^(g); wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(f) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(n) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, halo, CN, R^(o), NHOR^(o), OR^(o), SR^(o), C(O)R^(o), C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), C(O)OR^(o), OC(O)R^(o), OC(O)NR^(o)R^(o), NHR^(o), NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)OR^(o), C(═NR^(o))NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(═NR^(o))NR^(o)R^(o), S(O)R^(o), S(O)NR^(o)R^(o), S(O)₂R^(o), NR^(o)S(O)₂R^(o), NR^(o)S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o), and S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o);

each R^(g) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(g) are each optionally substituted with 1-3 R^(p) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, halo, CN, NHOR^(r), OR^(r), SR^(r), C(O)R^(r), C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), C(O)OR^(r), OC(O)R^(r), OC(O)NR^(r)R^(r), NHR^(r), NR^(r)R^(r). NR^(r)C(O)R^(r), NR^(r)C(O)NR^(r)R^(r), NR^(r)C(O)OR^(r), C(═NR^(r))NR^(r)R^(r), NR^(r)C(═NR^(r))NR^(r)R^(r), NR^(r)C(═NOH)NR^(r)R^(r), NR^(r)C(═NCN)NR^(r)R^(r), S(O)R^(r), S(O)NR^(r)R^(r), S(O)₂R^(r), NR^(r)S(O)₂R^(r), NR^(r)S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r) and S(O)₂NR^(r)R^(r), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(p) is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(q) substituents;

or any two R^(a) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(h) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-6 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halo, CN, OR^(i), SR^(i), NHOR^(i), C(O)R^(i), C(O)NR^(i)R^(i), C(O)OR^(i), OC(O)R^(i), OC(O)NR^(i)R^(i), NHR^(i), NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)OR^(i), C(═NR^(i))NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(═NR^(i))NR^(i)R^(i), S(O)R^(i), S(O)NR^(i)R^(i), S(O)₂R^(i), NR^(i)S(O)₂R^(i), NR^(i)S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(i), and S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(i), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-6 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(h) are each further optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R^(j) substituents independently selected from C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, CN, NHOR^(k), OR^(k), SR^(k), C(O)R^(k), C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), C(O)OR^(k), OC(O)R^(k), OC(O)NR^(k)R^(k), NHR^(k), NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)OR^(k), C(═NR^(k))NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(═NR^(k))NR^(k)R^(k), S(O)R^(k), S(O)NR^(k)R^(k), S(O)₂R^(k), NR^(k)S(O)₂R^(k), NR^(k)S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), and S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy of R^(j) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 independently selected R^(q) substituents; or two R^(h) groups attached to the same carbon atom of the 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl taken together with the carbon atom to which they attach form a C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-2 heteroatoms as ring members selected from O, N and S;

or any two R^(c) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(e) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(g) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(i) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(k) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(o) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

each R^(e), R^(i), R^(k), R^(o) or R^(p) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl of R^(e), R^(i), R^(k), R^(o) or R^(p) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(q) substituents;

each R^(q) is independently selected from OH, CN, —COOH, NH₂, halo, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, NHR¹², NR¹²R¹², and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl of R^(q) are each optionally substituted with halo, OH, CN, —COOH, NH₂, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, phenyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl and 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl and each R¹² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl;

is a single bond or a double bond to maintain ring A being aromatic;

when the moiety

in Formula (I′) is 2-benzoxazolyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy, Cl, Br, and phenyl, Cy is not 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 5-methyl-2-benzoxazolyl or 2-oxopyrrolidinyl substituted with —COOH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)OC₁₋₂ alkyl or —C(O)Cl; and

the compound is not 1-[3-(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)-5-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-pyridinyl]-4-piperidinamine.

The present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I′), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

one of X¹ and X² is O or S and the other of X¹ and X² is N, CR¹ or CR²;

X³ is N or CR³;

X⁴ is N or CR⁴;

X⁵ is N or CR⁵;

X⁶ is N or CR⁶;

at least one of X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵ and X⁶ is N;

Y¹ is N or CR^(8a);

Y² is N or CR^(8b);

Y³ is N or CR^(8c);

Cy is C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl, or 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents;

R¹, R², R^(8a), R^(8b) and R^(8c) are each independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄alkynyl, halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, NH₂, —NH—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, NHOR¹⁰, C(O)R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C(O)OR¹⁰, OC(O)R¹⁰, OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)OR¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C(═NR¹⁰)R¹⁰, C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)₂NR¹⁰R¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰, S(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, S(O)₂R¹⁰, and S(O)₂NR¹⁰R¹⁰, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently H or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups independently selected from halo, OH, CN and C₁₋₄ alkoxy and wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl and C₂₋₄ alkynyl of R¹, R² R^(8a), R^(8b) or R^(8c) are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

R⁹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, Cl, Br, CN, cyclopropyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ halo alkoxy, NH₂, —NH—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, NHOR¹¹, C(O)R¹¹, C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(O)OR¹¹, OC(O)R¹¹, OC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)R¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)OR¹¹, NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(═NR¹¹)R¹¹, C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂NR¹¹R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, S(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, S(O)₂R¹¹, and S(O)₂NR¹¹R¹¹, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, cyclopropyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy of R⁹ are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo, OH, CN or OCH₃ substituents and each R¹¹ is independently H or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo, OH, CN or OCH₃;

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), NHOR³, C(O)R^(a), C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)NR^(a)R^(a), NHR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), NR^(a)C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NR^(a))R^(a), C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), and S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R^(b) substituents, with the proviso that at least one of R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is other than H;

or two adjacent R⁷ substituents on the Cy ring, taken together with the atoms to which they are attached, form a fused phenyl ring, a fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, a fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring or a fused C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl ring, wherein the fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring and fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring each have 1-4 heteroatoms as ring members selected from N, O and S and wherein the fused phenyl ring, fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring and fused C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl ring are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R^(b) substituents;

or 1 or 2 independently selected R^(q) substituents each R^(a) is independently selected from H, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(a) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(d) substituents;

each R^(d) is independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, halo, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, CN, NH₂, NHOR^(e), OR^(e), SR^(e), C(O)R^(e), C(O)NR^(e)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)NR^(e)R^(e), NHR^(e), NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)OR^(e), C(═NR^(e))NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(═NR^(e))NR^(e)R^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)NR^(e)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), NR^(e)S(O)₂R^(e), NR^(e)S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(e), and S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(e), wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl of R^(d) are each further optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(q) substituents;

each R^(b) substituent is independently selected from halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, OH, NH₂, NO₂, NHOR^(c), OR^(c), SR^(c), C(O)R^(c), C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), C(O)OR^(c), OC(O)R^(c), OC(O)NR^(c)R^(c), C(═NR^(c))NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)C(═NR^(c))NR^(c)R^(c), NHR^(c), NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)C(O)R^(c), NR^(c)C(O)OR^(c), NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)₂R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)R^(c), S(O)NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)₂R^(c) and S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c); wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(b) are each further optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(d) substituents;

each R^(c) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(c) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(f) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, halo, CN, NHOR^(g), OR^(g), SR^(g), C(O)R^(g), C(O)NR^(g)R^(g), C(O)OR^(g), OC(O)R^(g), OC(O)NR^(g)R^(g), NHR^(g), NR^(g)R^(g). NR^(g)C(O)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)OR^(g), C(═NR^(g))NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(═NR^(g))NR^(g)R^(g), S(O)R^(g), S(O)NR^(g)R^(g), S(O)₂R^(g), NR^(g)S(O)₂R^(g), NR^(g)S(O)₂NR^(g)R^(g), and S(O)₂NR^(g)R^(g); wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(f) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(n) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, halo, CN, R^(o), NHOR^(o), OR^(o), SR^(o), C(O)R^(o), C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), C(O)OR^(o), OC(O)R^(o), OC(O)NR^(o)R^(o), NHR^(o), NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)OR^(o), C(═NR^(o))NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(═NR^(o))NR^(o)R^(o), S(O)R^(o), S(O)NR^(o)R^(o), S(O)₂R^(o), NR^(o)S(O)₂R^(o), NR^(o)S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o), and S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o);

each R^(g) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(g) are each optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(p) substituents;

or any two R^(a) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(h) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-6 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halo, CN, OR^(i), SR^(i), NHOR^(i), C(O)R^(i), C(O)NR^(i)R^(i), C(O)OR^(i), OC(O)R^(i), OC(O)NR^(i)R^(i), NHR^(i), NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)OR^(i), C(═NR^(i))NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(═NR^(i))NR^(i)R^(i), S(O)R^(i), S(O)NR^(i)R^(i), S(O)₂R^(i), NR^(i)S(O)₂R^(i), NR^(i)S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(i), and S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(i), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-6 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(h) are each further optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R^(j) substituents independently selected from C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, CN, NHOR^(k), OR^(k), SR^(k), C(O)R^(k), C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), C(O)OR^(k), OC(O)R^(k), OC(O)NR^(k)R^(k), NHR^(k), NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)OR^(k), C(═NR^(k))NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(═NR^(k))NR^(k)R^(k), S(O)R^(k), S(O)NR^(k)R^(k), S(O)₂R^(k), NR^(k)S(O)₂R^(k), NR^(k)S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), and S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k); or two R^(h) groups attached to the same carbon atom of the 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl taken together with the carbon atom to which they attach form a C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-2 heteroatoms as ring members selected from O, N or S;

or any two R^(c) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(e) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(g) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(i) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(k) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(o) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents; and

each R^(e), R^(i), R^(k), R^(o) or R^(p) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl of R^(e), R^(i), R^(k), R^(o) or R^(p) are each optionally substituted with 1.2 or 3 R^(q) substituents;

each R^(q) is independently selected from OH, CN, —COOH, NH₂, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkylthio, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, NHR¹², NR¹²R¹², and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl and 5-6 membered heteroaryl of R^(q) are each optionally substituted with OH, CN, —COOH, NH₂, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl and each R¹² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl;

a single bond or a double bond to maintain ring A being aromatic; and

when the moiety

in Formula (I′) is 2-benzoxazolyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy, Cl, Br, and phenyl, then Cy is not 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 5-methyl-2-benzoxazolyl or 2-oxopyrrolidinyl substituted with —COOH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)OC₁₋₂ alkyl or —C(O)Cl.

In certain embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), when the moiety

in Formula (I′) is 2-benzoxazolyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, halo, and phenyl, then Cy is not 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 5-methyl-2-benzoxazolyl or 2-oxopyrrolidinyl optionally substituted with —COOH, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)OC₁₋₂ alkyl or —C(O)Cl.

In other embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), when the moiety

in Formula (I′) is 2-benzoxazolyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from C₁₋₃ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, halo, and phenyl, then Cy is not 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 5-methyl-2-benzoxazolyl or 2-oxopyrrolidinyl optionally substituted with a R⁷ group.

In other embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), when the moiety

in Formula (I′) is 2-benzoxazolyl, wherein X³ is CR³, X⁴ is CR⁴, X⁵ is CR⁵ and X⁶ is CR⁶, Cy is not 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, 5-methyl-2-benzoxazolyl or 2-oxopyrrolidinyl substituted with a R⁷ group.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), Cy is C₆₋₁₀ aryl, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents. In certain embodiments, Cy is phenyl or naphthyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 independently selected R⁷ substituents. In certain embodiments, Cy is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents. In certain embodiments, Cy is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, Cy is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), Cy is C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents. In certain embodiments, Cy is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), Cy is 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents. In certain embodiments, Cy is pyridy, primidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, azolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinobnyl, naphthyridinyl, indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzisoxazolyl, imidazo[1,2-b]thiazolyl, purinyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), Cy is 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents. In certain embodiments, Cy is azetidinyl, azepanyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, morpholino, 3-oxa-9-azaspiro[5.5]undecanyl, 1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, pyranyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, tropanyl, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl, or thiomorpholino, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 independently selected R⁷ substituents. In some embodiments, Cy is 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), Cy is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 independently selected R⁷ substituents. In certain instances, Cy is phenyl, 2-thiophenyl, 3-thiophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 R⁷ substituents.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), Y¹, Y² and Y³ are each CH.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

one of X¹ and X² is O or S and the other of X¹ and X² is N, CR¹ or CR²;

X³ is N or CR³;

X⁴ is N or CR⁴;

X⁵ is N or CR⁵;

X⁶ is N or CR⁶;

at least one of X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵ and X⁶ is N;

R¹, R² and R⁸ are each independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄alkynyl, halo, CN, OH, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, NH₂, —NH—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, NHOR¹⁰, C(O)R¹⁰, C(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C(O)OR¹⁰, OC(O)R¹⁰, OC(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)OR¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, C(═NR¹⁰)R¹⁰, C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰C(═NR¹⁰)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)₂R¹⁰, NR¹⁰S(O)₂NR¹⁰R¹⁰, S(O)R¹⁰, S(O)NR¹⁰R¹⁰, S(O)₂R¹⁰, and S(O)₂NR¹⁰R¹⁰, wherein each R¹⁰ is independently H or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups independently selected from halo, OH, CN and C₁₋₄ alkoxy and wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl and C₂₋₄ alkynyl of R¹, R² or R⁸ are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl and C₁₋₄ alkoxy;

R⁹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, Cl, Br, CN, cyclopropyl, C₂₋₄alkynyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, NH₂, —NH—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, NHOR¹¹, C(O)R¹¹, C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(O)OR¹¹, OC(O)R¹¹, OC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)R¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)OR¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(═NR¹¹)R¹¹, C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂NR¹¹R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, S(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, S(O)₂R¹¹, and S(O)₂NR¹¹R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently H or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo, OH, CN or OCH₃;

R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), NHOR^(a), C(O)R^(a), C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)NR^(a)R^(a), NHR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), NR^(a)C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NR^(a))R^(a), C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), and S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R^(b) substituents, with the proviso that at least one of R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ is other than H;

or two adjacent R⁷ substituents on the phenyl ring, taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a fused phenyl ring, a fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, a fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring or a fused C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl ring, wherein the fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring and fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring each have 1-4 heteroatoms as ring members selected from N, O and S and wherein the fused phenyl ring, fused 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, fused 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl ring and fused C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl ring are each optionally substituted with 1 or 2 independently selected R^(q) substituents

each R^(a) is independently selected from H, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(a) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(d) substituents;

each R^(d) is independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, halo, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-membered heterocycloalkyl, CN, NH₂, NHOR^(e), OR^(e), SR^(e), C(O)R^(e), C(O)NR^(e)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)NR^(e)R^(e), NHR^(e), NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)OR^(e), C(═NR^(e))NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(═NR^(e))NR^(e)R^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)NR^(e)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), NR^(e)S(O)₂R^(e), NR^(e)S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(e), and S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(e), wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl of R^(d) are each further optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(q) substituents;

each R^(b) substituent is independently selected from halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ halo alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, OH, NH₂, NO₂, NHOR^(c), OR^(c), SR^(c), C(O)R^(c), C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), C(O)OR^(c), OC(O)R^(c), OC(O)NR^(c)R^(c), C(═NR^(c))NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)C(═NR^(c))NR^(c)R^(c), NHR^(c), NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)C(O)R^(c), NR^(c)C(O)OR^(c), NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)₂R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)R^(c), S(O)NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)₂R^(c) and S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c); wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(b) are each further optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(d) substituents;

each R^(c) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(c) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(f) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, halo, CN, NHOR^(g), OR^(g), SR^(g), C(O)R^(g), C(O)NR^(g)R^(g), C(O)OR^(g), OC(O)R^(g), OC(O)NR^(g)R^(g), NHR^(g), NR^(g)R^(g). NR^(g)C(O)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)OR^(g), C(═NR^(g))NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(═NR^(g))NR^(g)R^(g), S(O)R^(g), S(O)NR^(g)R^(g), S(O)₂R^(g), NR^(g)S(O)₂R^(g), NR^(g)S(O)₂NR^(g)R^(g), and S(O)₂NR^(g)R^(g); wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(f) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or R^(n) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, halo, CN, R^(o), NHOR^(o), OR^(o), SR^(o), C(O)R^(o), C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), C(O)OR^(o), OC(O)R^(o), OC(O)NR^(o)R^(o), NHR^(o), NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)OR^(o), C(═NR^(o))NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(═NR^(o))NR^(o)R^(o), S(O)R^(o), S(O)NR^(o)R^(o), S(O)₂R^(o), NR^(o)S(O)₂R^(o), NR^(o)S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o), and S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o);

each R^(g) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(g) are each optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(p) substituents;

or any two R^(a) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(h) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-6 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halo, CN, OR^(i), SR^(i), NHOR^(i), C(O)R^(i), C(O)NR^(i)R^(i), C(O)OR^(i), OC(O)R^(i), OC(O)NR^(i)R^(i), NHR^(i), NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)OR^(i), C(═NR^(i))NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(═NR^(i))NR^(i)R^(i), S(O)R^(i), S(O)NR^(i)R^(i), S(O)₂R^(i), NR^(i)S(O)₂R^(i), NR^(i)S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(i), and S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(i), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-6 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(h) are each further optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R^(j) substituents independently selected from C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, CN, NHOR^(k), OR^(k), SR^(k), C(O)R^(k), C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), C(O)OR^(k), OC(O)R^(k), OC(O)NR^(k)R^(k), NHR^(k), NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)OR^(k), C(═NR^(k))NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(═NR^(k))NR^(k)R^(k), S(O)R^(k), S(O)NR^(k)R^(k), S(O)₂R^(k), NR^(k)S(O)₂R^(k), NR^(k)S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), and S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k); or two R^(h) groups attached to the same carbon atom of the 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl taken together with the carbon atom to which they attach form a C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-2 heteroatoms as ring members selected from O, N or S;

or any two R^(c) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(e) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(g) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R¹ substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(k) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents;

or any two R^(o) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents; and

each R^(e), R^(i), R^(k), R^(o) or R^(p) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl of R^(e), R^(i), R^(k), R^(o) or R^(p) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(q) substituents;

each R^(q) is independently selected from OH, CN, —COOH, NH₂, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkylthio, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, NHR¹², NR¹²R¹², and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl and 5-6 membered heteroaryl of R^(q) are each optionally substituted with OH, CN, —COOH, NH₂, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl and each R¹² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl;

is a single bond or a double bond to maintain ring A being aromatic;

the subscript n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and the subscript m is an integer of 1, 2, 3 or 4. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I), the subscript m is an integer of 1, 2 or 3. The compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or stereoisomers thereof, as described herein are useful as inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction. For example, compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or stereoisomers thereof as described herein can disrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction in the PD-1 pathway.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein R⁴ is halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), NHOR^(a), C(O)R^(a), C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)NR^(a)R^(a), NHR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), NR^(a)C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NR^(a))R^(a), C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), and S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R¹ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R^(b) substituents. Other variables of Formula (II) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein. In one embodiment of compounds of Formula (II), R⁹ is CN or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with R^(q). In another embodiment, R⁹ is CH₃ or CN.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (IIa):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein R⁵ is halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered hetero cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), NHOR^(a), C(O)R^(a), C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)NR^(a)R^(a), NHR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), NR^(a)C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NR^(a))R^(a), C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), and S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R¹ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R^(b) substituents. Other variables of Formula (IIa) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein. In one embodiment of compounds of Formula (IIa), R⁹ is CN or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with R^(q). In another embodiment, R⁹ is CH₃ or CN.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein the variables of Formula (III) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (IV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein the variables of Formula (IV) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (V):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein the variables of Formula (V) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (VI):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein the variables of Formula (VI) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (VII):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein the variables of Formula (VII) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (VIII):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein the variables of Formula (VIII) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having Formula (IX):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein the variables R⁴, R⁵, X³, X⁶, R⁷, R⁹ and n of Formula (IX) are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula (I′), (I), (II), (IIa), (III), (IV), (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, the moiety:

is selected from:

wherein the substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In some embodiments, the moiety:

is selected from:

wherein the substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined in Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any embodiment of compounds of Formula (I′) or Formula (I) as described herein.

In certain embodiments, at each occurrence, R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are each H. In some embodiments, R¹, R³, and R⁵ are each H. In some embodiments, R³ and R⁵ are each H. In some embodiments, R¹ and R³ are each H. In some embodiments, R² and R⁵ are each H.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is CH, X² is O, X³ is N and X⁵ and X⁶ are each CH.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is O, X² is CH, X³ is N, X⁵ is CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is O, X² is CH, X³ is CH, X⁵ is N and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is O, X² is N, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is O, X² is CH, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH and X⁶ is N.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is S, X² is N, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is N, X² is S, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is O, X² is CH, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH and X⁶ is N.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is N, X² is O, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is O, X² is CH, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH, and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is O, X² is CH, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH, and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is CH, X² is O, X³ is CH, X⁵ is CH, and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X¹ is O or S and X² is N or CR².

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V or VI, X² is O or S and X¹ is N or CR¹.

In some embodiments, R⁹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, F, Cl, Br, CN, OH, cyclopropyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, NH₂, —NH—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, NHOR¹¹, C(O)R¹¹, C(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, C(O)OR¹¹, OC(O)R¹¹, OC(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)R¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)OR¹¹, NR¹¹C(O)NR¹³R³³, C(═NR¹¹)R¹¹, C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂R¹¹, NR¹¹S(O)₂NR¹¹R¹¹, S(O)R¹¹, S(O)NR¹¹R¹¹, S(O)₂R¹¹, and S(O)₂NR¹¹R¹¹, wherein each R¹¹ is independently H or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 halo, OH, CN or OCH₃, with the proviso when R⁹ is F, OH or C₁₋₄alkoxy, R⁴ is other than CN, C(═NR¹¹)NR¹¹R¹¹ or C₁₋₆alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q) substituents. In some instances, when R⁹ is F, OH or C₁₋₄alkoxy, R⁴ is other than CN, C(═NH)NH₂ or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q) substituents. In some instances, when R⁹ is F, OH or OCH₃, R⁴ is other than CN, C(═NH)NH₂, t-butyl or —CH(Rq)₂. In some instances, when R⁹ is F, OH or OCH₃, R⁴ is other than CN, C(═NH)NH₂, t-butyl or —CH(COOH)(OC(CH₃)₃). In some instances, when R⁹ is F, R⁴ is other than —CH(COOH)(OC(CH₃)₃). In some instances, when R⁹ is OH, R⁴ is other than CN, C(═NH)NH₂ or C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some instances, when R⁹ is OH, R⁴ is other than CN, C(═NH)NH₂ or t-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁹ is CN or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with R^(q).

In some embodiments, R⁹ is CN.

In some embodiments, R⁹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with R^(q).

In some embodiments, R⁹ is CH₃ or CN. In some embodiments, R⁹ is CH₃. In some embodiments, R⁹ is CN.

In some embodiments, R⁷ and R⁸ are each H.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, X³, X⁵ and X⁶ are each CH. In other embodiments of compounds of Formula Ha, X³, X⁴ and X⁶ are each CH. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula IX, X³ and X⁶ are each CH and R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII or VIII, X⁵ and X⁶ are each CH and X³ is N. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula Ha, X⁴ and X⁶ are each CH and X³ is N. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula IX, X⁶ is CH, R⁵ is H, and X³ is N.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, X³ is N, X⁵ is CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula Ha or IX, X³ is N, R⁵ is H, and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, X³ is CH, X⁵ is N and X⁶ is CR⁶. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula Ha or IX, X³ is CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, X³ and X⁵ are each CH and X⁶ is N. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula Ha, X³ and X⁴ are each CH and X⁶ is N. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula IX, X³ is CH, R⁵ is H, and X⁶ is N. In other embodiments, X³ and X⁴ are each CH and X⁶ is N.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, X³ and X⁵ are each CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula Ha or IX, X³ is CH, R⁵ is H, and X⁶ is CR⁶. In other embodiments, X³ and X⁴ are each CH and X⁶ is CR⁶. In one embodiment, R⁶ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, X³ and X⁶ are each N and X⁵ is CH. In some embodiments of compounds of Formula Ha or IX, X³ and X⁶ are each N and R⁵ is H. In other embodiments, X³ and X⁶ are each N and X⁴ is CH.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, or VIII, X³ and X⁵ are each N and X⁶ is CR⁶. In other embodiments, X⁴ and X⁶ are each N and X² is CR².

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, III, IV, V, or VI, X⁵ and X⁶ are each N and X² is CR².

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with R^(b). In certain embodiments, R^(b) is NHR^(c) or NR^(c)R^(c). In some embodiments, R^(b) is NHR^(c). In some embodiments, R^(b) is NR^(c)R^(c). In other embodiments, R^(b) is 2-hydroxyethylamino, 2-hydroxyethyl(methyl)amino, 2-carboxypiperidin-1-yl, (cyanomethyl)amino, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-yl, (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-yl or 2-carboxypiperidin-1-yl.

In other embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with R^(d). In other embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with R^(f). In other embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with R^(h). In other embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with R^(j). In other embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with R^(n). In other embodiments, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX, R⁴ is —CH₂R^(b). In certain embodiments, R^(b) is NHR^(c) or NR^(c)R^(c). In some embodiments, R^(b) is NHR^(c). In some embodiments, R^(c) is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1 R^(d) substituent. In some embodiments, R^(b) is NR^(c)R^(c). In some embodiments, two R^(c) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents. In some embodiments, two R^(c) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with 1 R^(h) substituent. In other embodiments, R^(b) is 2-hydroxyethylamino, 2-hydroxyethyl(methyl)amino, 2-carboxypiperidin-1-yl, (cyanomethyl)amino, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-yl, (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-yl or 2-carboxypiperidin-1-yl.

In other embodiments, R⁴ is —CH₂—R^(d). In other embodiments, R⁴ is —CH₂—R^(f). In other embodiments, R⁴ is —CH₂—R^(h). In other embodiments, R⁴ is —CH₂—R^(j). In other embodiments, R⁴ is —CH₂—R^(n). In other embodiments, R⁴ is —CH₂—R^(q).

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX, R⁴ is 2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl(methyl)aminomethyl, 2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (cyanomethyl)aminomethyl, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl or 2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl. In other embodiments, R⁴ is 2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl, 2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl or (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl. In other embodiments, R⁴ is 2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl. In other embodiments, R⁴ is 2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl or (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl. In other embodiments, R⁴ is 2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl, 2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (3-cyanophenyl)methoxy, cyanomethoxy, 2-cyanoethoxy, 3-cyanopropoxy, 2-morpholino-4-ylethoxy or pyridin-2-ylmethoxy.

In some embodiments, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently 2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl, 2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (3-cyanophenyl)methoxy, cyanomethoxy, 2-cyanoethoxy, 3-cyanopropoxy, 2-morpholino-4-ylethoxy or pyridin-2-ylmethoxy.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula I′, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX, R⁶ is H, halo or C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted with 1-3 R^(q) substituents.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula F, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX, R⁶ is H, halo or CH₃.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula F, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX, R⁶ is H or CH₃.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula F, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX, R⁶ is H.

In some embodiments of compounds of Formula F, I, II, IIa, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, or IX, R⁶ is CH₃.

It is further appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment (while the embodiments are intended to be combined as if written in multiply dependent form). Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable sub combination. Thus, it is contemplated as features described as embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I′), Formula (I) can be combined in any suitable combination.

At various places in the present specification, certain features of the compounds are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that such a disclosure include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclose (without limitation) methyl, ethyl, C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl, C₅ alkyl and C₆ alkyl.

The term “n-membered,” where n is an integer, typically describes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n. For example, piperidinyl is an example of a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, pyrazolyl is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, pyridyl is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a 10-membered cycloalkyl group.

At various places in the present specification, variables defining divalent linking groups may be described. It is specifically intended that each linking substituent include both the forward and backward forms of the linking substituent. For example, —NR(CR′R″)_(n)— includes both —NR(CR′R″)_(n)— and —(CR′R″)_(n)NR— and is intended to disclose each of the forms individually. Where the structure requires a linking group, the Markush variables listed for that group are understood to be linking groups. For example, if the structure requires a linking group and the Markush group definition for that variable lists “alkyl” or “aryl” then it is understood that the “alkyl” or “aryl” represents a linking alkylene group or arylene group, respectively.

The term “substituted” means that an atom or group of atoms formally replaces hydrogen as a “substituent” attached to another group. The term “substituted”, unless otherwise indicated, refers to any level of substitution, e.g., mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substitution, where such substitution is permitted. The substituents are independently selected, and substitution may be at any chemically accessible position. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom results in a chemically stable molecule. The phrase “optionally substituted” means unsubstituted or substituted. The term “substituted” means that a hydrogen atom is removed and replaced by a substituent. A single divalent substituent, e.g., oxo, can replace two hydrogen atoms.

The term “C_(n-m)” indicates a range which includes the endpoints, wherein n and m are integers and indicate the number of carbons. Examples include C₁₋₄, C₁₋₆ and the like.

The term “alkyl” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a saturated hydrocarbon group that may be straight-chained or branched. The term “C_(n-m) alkyl”, refers to an alkyl group having n to m carbon atoms. An alkyl group formally corresponds to an alkane with one C—H bond replaced by the point of attachment of the alkyl group to the remainder of the compound. In some embodiments, the alkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl; higher homologs such as 2-methyl-1-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl and the like.

The term “alkenyl” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group corresponding to an alkyl group having one or more double carbon-carbon bonds. An alkenyl group formally corresponds to an alkene with one C—H bond replaced by the point of attachment of the alkenyl group to the remainder of the compound. The term “C_(n-m) alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group having n to m carbons. In some embodiments, the alkenyl moiety contains 2 to 6, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms. Example alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, sec-butenyl and the like.

The term “alkynyl” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group corresponding to an alkyl group having one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds. An alkynyl group formally corresponds to an alkyne with one C—H bond replaced by the point of attachment of the alkyl group to the remainder of the compound. The term “C_(n-m) alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group having n to m carbons. Example alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propyn-1-yl, propyn-2-yl and the like. In some embodiments, the alkynyl moiety contains 2 to 6, 2 to 4, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms.

The term “alkylene”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a divalent alkyl linking group. An alkylene group formally corresponds to an alkane with two C—H bond replaced by points of attachment of the alkylene group to the remainder of the compound. The term “C_(n-m) alkylene” refers to an alkylene group having n to m carbon atoms. Examples of alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, ethan-1,2-diyl, propan-1,3-diyl, propan-1,2-diyl, butan-1,4-diyl, butan-1,3-diyl, butan-1,2-diyl, 2-methyl-propan-1,3-diyl and the like.

The term “alkoxy”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula —O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group is as defined above. The term “C_(n-m) alkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group, the alkyl group of which has n to m carbons. Example alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

The term “amino” refers to a group of formula —NH₂.

The term “carbamyl” refers to a group of formula —C(O)NH₂.

The term “carbonyl”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a —C(═O)— group, which also may be written as C(O).

The term “cyano” or “nitrile” refers to a group of formula —C≡N, which also may be written as —CN.

The terms “halo” or “halogen”, used alone or in combination with other terms, refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. In some embodiments, “halo” refers to a halogen atom selected from F, Cl, or Br. In some embodiments, halo groups are F.

The term “haloalkyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a halogen atom. The term “C_(n-m) haloalkyl” refers to a C_(n-m) alkyl group having n to m carbon atoms and from at least one up to {2(n to m)+1} halogen atoms, which may either be the same or different. In some embodiments, the halogen atoms are fluoro atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

Example haloalkyl groups include CF₃, C₂F₅, CHF₂, CCl₃, CHCl₂, C₂Cl₅ and the like. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group is a fluoroalkyl group.

The term “haloalkoxy”, employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula —O-haloalkyl, wherein the haloalkyl group is as defined above. The term “C_(n-m) haloalkoxy” refers to a haloalkoxy group, the haloalkyl group of which has n to m carbons.

Example haloalkoxy groups include trifluoromethoxy and the like. In some embodiments, the haloalkoxy group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

The term “oxo” refers to an oxygen atom as a divalent substituent, forming a carbonyl group when attached to carbon, or attached to a heteroatom forming a sulfoxide or sulfone group, or an N-oxide group. In some embodiments, heterocyclic groups may be optionally substituted by 1 or 2 oxo (═O) substituents.

The term “sulfido” refers to a sulfur atom as a divalent substituent, forming a thiocarbonyl group (C═S) when attached to carbon.

The term “aromatic” refers to a carbocycle or heterocycle having one or more polyunsaturated rings having aromatic character (i.e., having (4n+2) delocalized 7c (pi) electrons where n is an integer).

The term “aryl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group, which may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2 fused rings). The term “C_(n-m) aryl” refers to an aryl group having from n to m ring carbon atoms. Aryl groups include, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like. In some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments aryl groups have 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments aryl groups have 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the aryl group is phenyl. In some embodiments, the aryl group is naphthyl.

The term “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic heterocycle having at least one heteroatom ring member selected from sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl ring has 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, any ring-forming N in a heteroaryl moiety can be an N-oxide. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-14 ring atoms including carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-10 ring atoms including carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-6 ring atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a five-membered or six-membered heteroaryl ring. In other embodiments, the heteroaryl is an eight-membered, nine-membered or ten-membered fused bicyclic heteroaryl ring. Example heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl (pyridyl), pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, azolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl (including 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,3- and 2,6-naphthyridine), indolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzisoxazolyl, imidazo[1,2-b]thiazolyl, purinyl, and the like.

A five-membered heteroaryl ring is a heteroaryl group having five ring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) ring atoms are independently selected from N, O and S. Exemplary five-membered ring heteroaryls include thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl.

A six-membered heteroaryl ring is a heteroaryl group having six ring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) ring atoms are independently selected from N, O and S. Exemplary six-membered ring heteroaryls are pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl and pyridazinyl.

The term “cycloalkyl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring system (monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic), including cyclized alkyl and alkenyl groups. The term “C_(n-m) cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl that has n to m ring member carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) groups and spirocycles. Cycloalkyl groups can have 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring-forming carbons (C₃-7). In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring members, 3 to 5 ring members, or 3 to 4 ring members. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is monocyclic. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is monocyclic or bicyclic. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is a C₃₋₆ monocyclic cycloalkyl group. Ring-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be optionally oxidized to form an oxo or sulfido group. Cycloalkyl groups also include cycloalkylidenes. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, e.g., benzo or thienyl derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclohexane and the like. A cycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.

The term “heterocycloalkyl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system, which may optionally contain one or more alkenylene groups as part of the ring structure, which has at least one heteroatom ring member independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur oxygen and phosphorus, and which has 4-10 ring members, 4-7 ring members, or 4-6 ring members. Included within the term “heterocycloalkyl” are monocyclic 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-membered heterocycloalkyl groups. Heterocycloalkyl groups can include mono- or bicyclic (e.g., having two fused or bridged rings) ring systems. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group is a monocyclic group having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Ring-forming carbon atoms and heteroatoms of a heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally oxidized to form an oxo or sulfido group or other oxidized linkage (e.g., C(O), S(O), C(S) or S(O)₂, N-oxide etc.) or a nitrogen atom can be quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl group can be attached through a ring-forming carbon atom or a ring-forming heteroatom. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 3 double bonds. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 2 double bonds. Also included in the definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the heterocycloalkyl ring, e.g., benzo or thienyl derivatives of piperidine, morpholine, azepine, etc. A heterocycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include azetidinyl, azepanyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, morpholino, 3-oxa-9-azaspiro[5.5]undecanyl, 1-oxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopiperazinyl, pyranyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolinyl, tropanyl, and thiomorpholino.

At certain places, the definitions or embodiments refer to specific rings (e.g., an azetidine ring, a pyridine ring, etc.). Unless otherwise indicated, these rings can be attached to any ring member provided that the valency of the atom is not exceeded. For example, an azetidine ring may be attached at any position of the ring, whereas an azetidin-3-yl ring is attached at the 3-position.

The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present invention that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically inactive starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.

Resolution of racemic mixtures of compounds can be carried out by any of numerous methods known in the art. One method includes fractional recrystallization using a chiral resolving acid which is an optically active, salt-forming organic acid. Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallization methods are, e.g., optically active acids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids such as β-camphorsulfonic acid. Other resolving agents suitable for fractional crystallization methods include stereoisomerically pure forms of α-methylbenzylamine (e.g., S and R forms, or diastereomerically pure forms), 2-phenylglycinol, norephedrine, ephedrine, N-methylephedrine, cyclohexylethylamine, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and the like.

Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on a column packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g., dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine). Suitable elution solvent composition can be determined by one skilled in the art.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention have the (R)-configuration. In other embodiments, the compounds have the (S)-configuration. In compounds with more than one chiral centers, each of the chiral centers in the compound may be independently (R) or (S), unless otherwise indicated.

Compounds of the invention also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond together with the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge. Example prototropic tautomers include ketone-enol pairs, amide-imidic acid pairs, lactam-lactim pairs, enamine-imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, e.g., 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution.

Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates or final compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium. One or more constituent atoms of the compounds of the invention can be replaced or substituted with isotopes of the atoms in natural or non-natural abundance. In some embodiments, the compound includes at least one deuterium atom. For example, one or more hydrogen atoms in a compound of the present disclosure can be replaced or substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments, the compound includes two or more deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, the compound includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 deuterium atoms. Synthetic methods for including isotopes into organic compounds are known in the art.

The term, “compound,” as used herein is meant to include all stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers and isotopes of the structures depicted. The term is also meant to refer to compounds of the inventions, regardless of how they are prepared, e.g., synthetically, through biological process (e.g., metabolism or enzyme conversion), or a combination thereof.

All compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be found together with other substances such as water and solvents (e.g., hydrates and solvates) or can be isolated. When in the solid state, the compounds described herein and salts thereof may occur in various forms and may, e.g., take the form of solvates, including hydrates. The compounds may be in any solid state form, such as a polymorph or solvate, so unless clearly indicated otherwise, reference in the specification to compounds and salts thereof should be understood as encompassing any solid state form of the compound.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention, or salts thereof, are substantially isolated. By “substantially isolated” is meant that the compound is at least partially or substantially separated from the environment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation can include, e.g., a composition enriched in the compounds of the invention. Substantial separation can include compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compounds of the invention, or salt thereof.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The expressions, “ambient temperature” and “room temperature,” as used herein, are understood in the art, and refer generally to a temperature, e.g., a reaction temperature, that is about the temperature of the room in which the reaction is carried out, e.g., a temperature from about 20° C. to about 30° C.

The present invention also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention include the non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, e.g., from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol or butanol) or acetonitrile (MeCN) are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17^(th) Ed., (Mack Publishing Company, Easton, 1985), p. 1418, Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66(1), 1-19 and in Stahl et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, (Wiley, 2002). In some embodiments, the compounds described herein include the N-oxide forms.

II. Synthesis

Compounds of the invention, including salts thereof, can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible synthetic routes, such as those in the Schemes below.

The reactions for preparing compounds of the invention can be carried out in suitable solvents which can be readily selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g., temperatures which can range from the solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected by the skilled artisan.

Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups is described, e.g., in Kocienski, Protecting Groups, (Thieme, 2007); Robertson, Protecting Group Chemistry, (Oxford University Press, 2000); Smith et al., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 6^(th) Ed. (Wiley, 2007); Peturssion et al., “Protecting Groups in Carbohydrate Chemistry,” J. Chem. Educ., 1997, 74(11), 1297; and Wuts et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Ed., (Wiley, 2006).

Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., ¹H or ¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), mass spectrometry or by chromatographic methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC).

The Schemes below provide general guidance in connection with preparing the compounds of the invention. One skilled in the art would understand that the preparations shown in the Schemes can be modified or optimized using general knowledge of organic chemistry to prepare various compounds of the invention.

Compounds of Formula (I′), Formula (I) can be prepared, e.g., using a process as illustrated in Schemes 1-9.

The compounds of Formula 4 can be prepared according to Scheme 1. The halo group (e.g., Hal¹=Cl, Br or I) of biphenyl compounds 1 can be converted to the corresponding boronic esters 2 under standard conditions [e.g., bis(pinacolato)diboron in the presence of a palladium catalyst, such as, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0), palladium(II) acetate]. Coupling of boronates 2 with the halogenated heterocycles 3 (Hal²=I, Br or Cl) under standard Suzuki coupling conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a suitable base) can give the hetero-bicyclic compounds 4.

Halogenated bicyclic compounds 3 (Hal²=I, Br or Cl) can be prepared according to Scheme 2. Bicyclic compounds 5 (e.g., R=SiR′₃, NH₂ etc.) can be treated with appropriate electrophiles under suitable conditions (e.g., a combination of a halogen source such as N-iodosuccinimide with a fluoride source when R is SiR′₃, or a combination of a halogen source such as iodine with alkyl nitrite when R is NH₂) to give compound 3.

The compounds of Formula 9 can be prepared according to Scheme 3. Methylene hydroxyl group of the substituted biphenyl compounds 6 can be oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde 7 using standard oxidation conditions including but not limited to Dess-Martin oxidation, Swern-type oxidation. Cyclization of the aldehydes 7 with heterocyclic amines 8 (e.g., X¹=O or S) under suitable temperature and optionally in the presence of a Lewis acid (e.g., Zn(OTf)₂) to form a cyclized intermediate which can then be oxidized (e.g., 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone as oxidant) to give the aromatic bicyclic compounds 9.

The compounds of Formula 12 can be prepared according to Scheme 4. Aldehyde group of the substituted biphenyl compounds 7 can be converted to the corresponding terminal alkyne under Seyferth-Gilbert homologation conditions using dimethyl diazo-2-oxopropylphosphonate (also known as Bestmann-Ohiro reagent) at basic conditions (e.g., K₂CO₃ in MeOH). Terminal alkynes 10 can react with heterocyclic halides 11 (e.g., Hal³=Cl, Br, I; X¹ ═O or S) under standard Sonogashira coupling condition (e.g., in the presence of a palladium catalyst, copper(I) salt and a suitable base such as triethylamine or pyridine) to form an alkyne intermediate followed by an in situ intramolecular cyclization to give the hetero-bicyclic compounds 12.

The aldehydes of Formula 7 can also be prepared according to Scheme 5. The Hal⁴ group (e.g., Hal⁴=I or Br) of substituted benzenes 13 can selectively couple with substituted phenyl boronic ester 14 under standard Suzuki coupling (e.g., in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a suitable base) to produce the biaryl compounds 1. The biaryl compounds 1 can be converted to vinyl substituted biaryl compounds 15 under standard Suzuki coupling condition. The vinyl group in the biaryl compounds 15 can be cleaved oxidatively to form aldehydes 7 under dihydroxylation then in situ cleavage conditions (e.g., NaIO₄ in the presence of catalytic amount of OsO₄). Alternatively, biaryl compounds 1 can be converted to organometallic intermediates by metal-halogen exchange followed by quenching with dimethylformamide (DMF) at low temperature to afford the aldehydes 7.

The heteroaryl compounds of Formula 18 can be prepared according to Scheme 6. Heteroaryl esters 16 can be reduced to aldehydes 17 via a sequence of reduction (e.g., LiAlH₄ or LiBH₄ as reducing reagents) then oxidation (e.g., Dess-Martin periodinane as oxidant). Then the aldehydes 17 react with a variety of amines under standard reductive amination condition (e.g., sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium cyanoborohydride as reducing reagents) to generate the compounds of formula 18.

Alternatively, aldehydes 17 can also be prepared from heteroaryl halides 19 (e.g., Hal⁵=Cl, Br or I) as outlined in Scheme 7. The halo group in compounds 19 can be converted to vinyl groups, forming olefins 20, under standard Suzuki coupling condition (e.g., vinylboronic acid pinaco ester in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a suitable base). The vinyl groups in compounds 20 can be oxidatively cleaved by NaIO₄ in the presence of catalytic amount of OsO₄ to form aldehydes 17.

Compounds of Formula 25 can be prepared using procedures as outlined in Scheme 8. The halo group (e.g., Hal²=Cl, Br, I) of heteroaryl compounds 3 can be converted to the boronic esters 21 under standard conditions [e.g., in the presence of bis(pinacolato)diboron and a palladium catalyst, such as, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(O), palladium(II) acetate]. Selective coupling of boronates 21 with aryl halides 22 (e.g., Hal⁶=Cl, Br, I) under suitable Suzuki coupling condition (e.g., in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a suitable base) can give the bicyclic compounds 23. The halide (e.g., Hal⁷=Cl, Br, I) in compound 23 can be coupled to compounds of formula 24, in which M is a boronic acid, boronic ester or an appropriately substituted metal [e.g., M is B(OR)₂, Sn(Alkyl)₄, or Zn-Hal], under Suzuki coupling conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a suitable base) or Stille coupling conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium catalyst), or Negishi coupling conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium catalyst) to give derivatives of formula 25. Alternatively, compound 24 can be a cyclic amine (where M is H and attached to an amine nitrogen in ring Cy) and the coupling of aryl halide 23 with the cyclic amine 24 can be performed under Buchwald amination conditions (e.g., in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base such as sodium tert-butoxide).

Compounds of formula 28 can be prepared using the procedures as outlined in Scheme 9. Cyclization of the aldehydes 26 with heterocyclic amines 8 (e.g., X¹=0 or S) followed by oxidation under similar conditions as described in Scheme 3 can give the aromatic bicyclic compounds 27. Coupling of aryl halides 27 with compounds 24 can be achieved under similar conditions as described in Scheme 8 to give compounds of formula 28.

III. Uses of the Compounds

Compounds of the present disclosure can inhibit the activity of PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction and, thus, are useful in treating diseases and disorders associated with activity of PD-1 and the diseases and disorders associated with PD-L1 including its interaction with other proteins such as PD-1 and B7-1 (CD80). In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or stereoisomers thereof, are useful for therapeutic administration to enhance, stimulate and/or increase immunity in cancer or chronic infection, including enhancement of response to vaccination. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction. The method includes administering to an individual or a patient a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or of a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof. The compounds of the present disclosure can be used alone, in combination with other agents or therapies or as an adjuvant or neoadjuvant for the treatment of diseases or disorders, including cancer or infection diseases. For the uses described herein, any of the compounds of the disclosure, including any of the embodiments thereof, may be used.

The compounds of the present disclosure inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction, resulting in a PD-1 pathway blockade. The blockade of PD-1 can enhance the immune response to cancerous cells and infectious diseases in mammals, including humans. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides treatment of an individual or a patient in vivo using a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or a salt or stereoisomer thereof such that growth of cancerous tumors is inhibited. A compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, can be used to inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors. Alternatively, a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt or stereoisomer thereof, can be used in conjunction with other agents or standard cancer treatments, as described below. In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting growth of tumor cells in vitro. The method includes contacting the tumor cells in vitro with a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or of a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or of a salt or stereoisomer thereof. In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for inhibiting growth of tumor cells in an individual or a patient. The method includes administering to the individual or patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or of any of the formulas as described herein, or of a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt or a stereoisomer thereof.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating cancer. The method includes administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt thereof. Examples of cancers include those whose growth may be inhibited using compounds of the disclosure and cancers typically responsive to immunotherapy.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of enhancing, stimulating and/or increasing the immune response in a patient. The method includes administering to the patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound or composition as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt thereof.

Examples of cancers that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head or neck, cutaneous or intraocular malignant melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, uterine cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, endometrial cancer, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin's Disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, chronic or acute leukemias including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, solid tumors of childhood, lymphocytic lymphoma, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the kidney or urethra, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, epidermoid cancer, squamous cell cancer, T-cell lymphoma, environmentally induced cancers including those induced by asbestos, and combinations of said cancers. The compounds of the present disclosure are also useful for the treatment of metastatic cancers, especially metastatic cancers that express PD-L1.

In some embodiments, cancers treatable with compounds of the present disclosure include melanoma (e.g., metastatic malignant melanoma), renal cancer (e.g. clear cell carcinoma), prostate cancer (e.g. hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer (e.g. non-small cell lung cancer). Additionally, the disclosure includes refractory or recurrent malignancies whose growth may be inhibited using the compounds of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, cancers that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, solid tumors (e.g., prostate cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, renal cancer, hepatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, cancers of the head and neck, thyroid cancer, glioblastoma, sarcoma, bladder cancer, etc.), hematological cancers (e.g., lymphoma, leukemia such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), DLBCL, mantle cell lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (including relapsed or refractory NHL and recurrent follicular), Hodgkin lymphoma or multiple myeloma) and combinations of said cancers.

PD-1 pathway blockade with compounds of the present disclosure can also be used for treating infections such as viral, bacteria, fungus and parasite infections. The present disclosure provides a method for treating infections such as viral infections. The method includes administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, a salt thereof. Examples of viruses causing infections treatable by methods of the present disclosure include, but are not limit to, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, influenza, hepatitis A, B, C or D viruses, adenovirus, poxvirus, herpes simplex viruses, human cytomegalovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, ebola virus, and measles virus. In some embodiments, viruses causing infections treatable by methods of the present disclosure include, but are not limit to, hepatitis (A, B, or C), herpes virus (e.g., VZV, HSV-1, HAV-6, HSV-II, and CMV, Epstein Barr virus), adenovirus, influenza virus, flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, cornovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumpsvirus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, molluscum virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, JC virus and arboviral encephalitis virus.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating bacterial infections. The method includes administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt thereof. Non-limiting examples of pathogenic bacteria causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include Chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, pneumonococci, meningococci and conococci, Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Legionella, diphtheria, Salmonella, bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, and Lyme's disease bacteria.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating fungus infections. The method includes administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt thereof. Non-limiting examples of pathogenic fungi causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include Candida (albicans, krusei, glabrata, tropicalis, etc.), Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus (fumigatus, niger, etc.), Genus Mucorales (mucor, absidia, rhizophus), Sporothrix schenkii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating parasite infections. The method includes administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a salt thereof. Non-limiting examples of pathogenic parasites causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba sp., Giardia lambia, Cryptosporidium sp., Pneumocystis carinii, Plasmodium vivax, Babesia microti, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondi, and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

The terms “individual” or “patient,” used interchangeably, refer to any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.

The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” refers to one or more of (1) inhibiting the disease; e.g., inhibiting a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology); and (2) ameliorating the disease; e.g., ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology) such as decreasing the severity of disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are useful in preventing or reducing the risk of developing any of the diseases referred to herein; e.g., preventing or reducing the risk of developing a disease, condition or disorder in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease, condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of the disease.

Combination Therapies

Cancer cell growth and survival can be impacted by multiple signaling pathways. Thus, it is useful to combine different enzyme/protein/receptor inhibitors, exhibiting different preferences in the targets which they modulate the activities of, to treat such conditions. Targeting more than one signaling pathway (or more than one biological molecule involved in a given signaling pathway) may reduce the likelihood of drug-resistance arising in a cell population, and/or reduce the toxicity of treatment.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with one or more other enzyme/protein/receptor inhibitors for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer or infections. Examples of cancers include solid tumors and liquid tumors, such as blood cancers. Examples of infections include viral infections, bacterial infections, fungus infections or parasite infections. For example, the compounds of the present disclosure can be combined with one or more inhibitors of the following kinases for the treatment of cancer: Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, TGF-βR, PKA, PKG, PKC, CaM-kinase, phosphorylase kinase, MEKK, ERK, MAPK, mTOR, EGFR, HER2, HER3, HER4, INS-R, IGF-1R, IR-R, PDGFaR, PDGFPR, CSFIR, KIT, FLK-II, KDR/FLK-1, FLK-4, flt-1, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, c-Met, Ron, Sea, TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, FLT3, VEGFR/Flt2, Flt4, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphB2, EphB4, Tie2, Src, Fyn, Lck, Fgr, Btk, Fak, SYK, FRK, JAK, ABL, ALK and B-Raf. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be combined with one or more of the following inhibitors for the treatment of cancer or infections. Non-limiting examples of inhibitors that can be combined with the compounds of the present disclosure for treatment of cancer and infections include an FGFR inhibitor (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 or FGFR4), a JAK inhibitor (JAK1 and/or JAK2, e.g., ruxolitinib, baricitinib or INCB39110), an IDO inhibitor (e.g., epacadostat and NLG919), a TDO inhibitor, a PI3K-delta inhibitor, a PI3K-gamma inhibitor, a Pim inhibitor, a CSF1R inhibitor, a TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer), an angiogenesis inhibitor, an interleukin receptor inhibitor and an adenosine receptor antagonist or combinations thereof.

The compounds of the present disclosure can further be used in combination with other methods of treating cancers, for example by chemotherapy, irradiation therapy, tumor-targeted therapy, adjuvant therapy, immunotherapy or surgery. Examples of immunotherapy include cytokine treatment (e.g., interferons, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-2), CRS-207 immunotherapy, cancer vaccine, monoclonal antibody, adoptive T cell transfer, oncolytic virotherapy and immunomodulating small molecules, including thalidomide or JAKT/2 inhibitor and the like. The compounds can be administered in combination with one or more anti-cancer drugs, such as a chemotherapeutics. Example chemotherapeutics include any of: abarelix, aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, allopurinol, altretamine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, azacitidine, bevacizumab, bexarotene, baricitinib, bleomycin, bortezombi, bortezomib, busulfan intravenous, busulfan oral, calusterone, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, dalteparin sodium, dasatinib, daunorubicin, decitabine, denileukin, denileukin diftitox, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, dromostanolone propionate, eculizumab, epirubicin, erlotinib, estramustine, etoposide phosphate, etoposide, exemestane, fentanyl citrate, filgrastim, floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil, fulvestrant, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, goserelin acetate, histrelin acetate, ibritumomab tiuxetan, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib mesylate, interferon alfa 2a, irinotecan, lapatinib ditosylate, lenalidomide, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide acetate, levamisole, lomustine, meclorethamine, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methoxsalen, mitomycin C, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nandrolone phenpropionate, nelarabine, nofetumomab, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, panitumumab, pegaspargase, pegfilgrastim, pemetrexed disodium, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, procarbazine, quinacrine, rasburicase, rituximab, ruxolitinib, sorafenib, streptozocin, sunitinib, sunitinib maleate, tamoxifen, temozolomide, teniposide, testolactone, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, topotecan, toremifene, tositumomab, trastuzumab, tretinoin, uracil mustard, valrubicin, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, vorinostat and zoledronate.

Other anti-cancer agent(s) include antibody therapeutics such as trastuzumab (Herceptin), antibodies to costimulatory molecules such as CTLA-4 (e.g., ipilimumab), 4-1BB, antibodies to PD-1 and PD-L1, or antibodies to cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β, etc.). Examples of antibodies to PD-1 and/or PD-L1 that can be combined with compounds of the present disclosure for the treatment of cancer or infections such as viral, bacteria, fungus and parasite infections include, but are not limited to, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, MPDL3280A, MEDI-4736 and SHR-1210.

Compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer or infections. Exemplary immune checkpoint inhibitors include inhibitors against immune checkpoint molecules such as CD27, CD28, CD40, CD122, CD96, CD73, CD47, OX40, GITR, CSF1R, JAK, PI3K delta, PI3K gamma, TAM, arginase, CD137 (also known as 4-1BB), ICOS, A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM3, VISTA, PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint molecule is a stimulatory checkpoint molecule selected from CD27, CD28, CD40, ICOS, OX40, GITR and CD137. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitory checkpoint molecule selected from A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, CTLA-4, IDO, KIR, LAG3, PD-1, TIM3, and VISTA. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be used in combination with one or more agents selected from KIR inhibitors, TIGIT inhibitors, LAIRI inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, 2B4 inhibitors and TGFR beta inhibitors.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is anti-PD1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody, or anti-CTLA-4 antibody.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-1, e.g., an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab (also known as MK-3475), pidilizumab, SHR-1210, PDR001, or AMP-224. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is nivolumab or pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 antibody is pembrolizumab.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-L1, e.g., an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody is BMS-935559, MED14736, MPDL3280A (also known as RG7446), or MSB0010718C. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody is MPDL3280A or MED14736.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CTLA-4, e.g., an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab.

In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of LAG3, e.g., an anti-LAG3 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-LAG3 antibody is BMS-986016 or LAG525.

The compounds of the present disclosure can further be used in combination with one or more anti-inflammatory agents, steroids, immunosuppressants or therapeutic antibodies.

The compounds of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be combined with another immunogenic agent, such as cancerous cells, purified tumor antigens (including recombinant proteins, peptides, and carbohydrate molecules), cells, and cells transfected with genes encoding immune stimulating cytokines. Non-limiting examples of tumor vaccines that can be used include peptides of melanoma antigens, such as peptides of gp100, MAGE antigens, Trp-2, MARTI and/or tyrosinase, or tumor cells transfected to express the cytokine GM-CSF.

The compounds of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be used in combination with a vaccination protocol for the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, the tumor cells are transduced to express GM-CSF. In some embodiments, tumor vaccines include the proteins from viruses implicated in human cancers such as Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV), Hepatitis Viruses (HBV and HCV) and Kaposi's Herpes Sarcoma Virus (KHSV). In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with tumor specific antigen such as heat shock proteins isolated from tumor tissue itself. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be combined with dendritic cells immunization to activate potent anti-tumor responses.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with bispecific macrocyclic peptides that target Fe alpha or Fe gamma receptor-expressing effectors cells to tumor cells. The compounds of the present disclosure can also be combined with macrocyclic peptides that activate host immune responsiveness.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with bone marrow transplant for the treatment of a variety of tumors of hematopoietic origin.

The compounds of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be used in combination with vaccines, to stimulate the immune response to pathogens, toxins, and self antigens. Examples of pathogens for which this therapeutic approach may be particularly useful, include pathogens for which there is currently no effective vaccine, or pathogens for which conventional vaccines are less than completely effective. These include, but are not limited to, HIV, Hepatitis (A, B, & C), Influenza, Herpes, Giardia, Malaria, Leishmania, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

Viruses causing infections treatable by methods of the present disclosure include, but are not limit to human papillomavirus, influenza, hepatitis A, B, C or D viruses, adenovirus, poxvirus, herpes simplex viruses, human cytomegalovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, ebola virus, measles virus, herpes virus (e.g., VZV, HSV-1, HAV-6, HSV-II, and CMV, Epstein Barr virus), flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, comovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumpsvirus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, molluscum virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, JC virus and arboviral encephalitis virus.

Pathogenic bacteria causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, pneumonococci, meningococci and conococci, Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Legionella, diphtheria, Salmonella, bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, and Lyme's disease bacteria.

Pathogenic fungi causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Candida (albicans, krusei, glabrata, tropicalis, etc.), Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus (fumigatus, niger, etc.), Genus Mucorales (mucor, absidia, rhizophus), Sporothrix schenkii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum.

Pathogenic parasites causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba sp., Giardia lambia, Cryptosporidium sp., Pneumocystis carinii, Plasmodium vivax, Babesia microti, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondi, and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

When more than one pharmaceutical agent is administered to a patient, they can be administered simultaneously, separately, sequentially, or in combination (e.g., for more than two agents).

IV. Formulation, Dosage Forms and Administration

When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of the present disclosure can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. Thus the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or any of the embodiments thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is indicated and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including transdermal, epidermal, ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal or intranasal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal intramuscular or injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, e.g., by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.

This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, the compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for topical administration. In making the compositions of the invention, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, e.g., a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, e.g., up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions and sterile packaged powders.

In preparing a formulation, the active compound can be milled to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it can be milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size can be adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g., about 40 mesh.

The compounds of the invention may be milled using known milling procedures such as wet milling to obtain a particle size appropriate for tablet formation and for other formulation types. Finely divided (nanoparticulate) preparations of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by processes known in the art see, e.g., WO 2002/000196.

Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises silicified microcrystalline cellulose (SMCC) and at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the silicified microcrystalline cellulose comprises about 98% microcrystalline cellulose and about 2% silicon dioxide w/w.

In some embodiments, the composition is a sustained release composition comprising at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one component selected from microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate and polyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises magnesium stearate or silicon dioxide. In some embodiments, the microcrystalline cellulose is Avicel PHI02™. In some embodiments, the lactose monohydrate is Fast-flo 316™. In some embodiments, the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2208 K4M (e.g., Methocel K4 M Premier™) and/or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2208 K100LV (e.g., Methocel K00LV™). In some embodiments, the polyethylene oxide is polyethylene oxide WSR 1105 (e.g., Polyox WSR 1105™).

In some embodiments, a wet granulation process is used to produce the composition. In some embodiments, a dry granulation process is used to produce the composition.

The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 1,000 mg (1 g), more usually about 100 mg to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, each dosage contains about 10 mg of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, each dosage contains about 50 mg of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, each dosage contains about 25 mg of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.

The components used to formulate the pharmaceutical compositions are of high purity and are substantially free of potentially harmful contaminants (e.g., at least National Food grade, generally at least analytical grade, and more typically at least pharmaceutical grade). Particularly for human consumption, the composition is preferably manufactured or formulated under Good Manufacturing Practice standards as defined in the applicable regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. For example, suitable formulations may be sterile and/or substantially isotonic and/or in full compliance with all Good Manufacturing Practice regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

The active compound may be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a therapeutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms and the like.

The therapeutic dosage of a compound of the present invention can vary according to, e.g., the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds of the invention can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient is typically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, e.g., about 0.1 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.

The tablets or pills of the present invention can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.

The liquid forms in which the compounds and compositions of the present invention can be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.

Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device can be attached to a face mask, tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.

Topical formulations can contain one or more conventional carriers. In some embodiments, ointments can contain water and one or more hydrophobic carriers selected from, e.g., liquid paraffin, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, propylene glycol, white Vaseline, and the like. Carrier compositions of creams can be based on water in combination with glycerol and one or more other components, e.g., glycerinemonostearate, PEG-glycerinemonostearate and cetylstearyl alcohol. Gels can be formulated using isopropyl alcohol and water, suitably in combination with other components such as, e.g., glycerol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and the like. In some embodiments, topical formulations contain at least about 0.1, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 2 or at least about 5 wt % of the compound of the invention. The topical formulations can be suitably packaged in tubes of, e.g., 100 g which are optionally associated with instructions for the treatment of the select indication, e.g., psoriasis or other skin condition.

The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient will vary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of the administration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of the patient, the manner of administration and the like. In therapeutic applications, compositions can be administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications. Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and general condition of the patient and the like.

The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the compound preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers or stabilizers will result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.

The therapeutic dosage of a compound of the present invention can vary according to, e.g., the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds of the invention can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

V. Labeled Compounds and Assay Methods

The compounds of the present disclosure can further be useful in investigations of biological processes in normal and abnormal tissues. Thus, another aspect of the present invention relates to labeled compounds of the invention (radio-labeled, fluorescent-labeled, etc.) that would be useful not only in imaging techniques but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, for localizing and quantitating PD-1 or PD-L1 protein in tissue samples, including human, and for identifying PD-L1 ligands by inhibition binding of a labeled compound. Accordingly, the present invention includes PD-1/PD-L1 binding assays that contain such labeled compounds.

The present invention further includes isotopically-substituted compounds of the disclosure. An “isotopically-substituted” compound is a compound of the invention where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). It is to be understood that a “radio-labeled” compound is a compound that has incorporated at least one isotope that is radioactive (e.g., radionuclide). Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are not limited to ³H (also written as T for tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl, ⁸²Br, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I and ¹³¹I. The radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example, for in vitro PD-L1 protein labeling and competition assays, compounds that incorporate ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁸²Br, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S or will generally be most useful. For radio-imaging applications ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹³¹I, ⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br or ⁷⁷Br will generally be most useful.

In some embodiments the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S and ⁸²Br. Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are known in the art.

Specifically, a labeled compound of the invention can be used in a screening assay to identify and/or evaluate compounds. For example, a newly synthesized or identified compound (i.e., test compound) which is labeled can be evaluated for its ability to bind a PD-L1 protein by monitoring its concentration variation when contacting with the PD-L1 protein, through tracking of the labeling. For example, a test compound (labeled) can be evaluated for its ability to reduce binding of another compound which is known to bind to a PD-L1 protein (i.e., standard compound). Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete with the standard compound for binding to the PD-L1 protein directly correlates to its binding affinity. Conversely, in some other screening assays, the standard compound is labeled and test compounds are unlabeled. Accordingly, the concentration of the labeled standard compound is monitored in order to evaluate the competition between the standard compound and the test compound, and the relative binding affinity of the test compound is thus ascertained.

VI. Kits

The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutical kits useful, e.g., in the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of PD-L1 including its interaction with other proteins such as PD-1 and B7-1 (CD80), such as cancer or infections, which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I′), Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof. Such kits can further include one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, e.g., containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.

The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results. The compounds of the Examples have been found to inhibit the activity of PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein interaction according to at least one assay described herein.

EXAMPLES

Experimental procedures for compounds of the invention are provided below. Open Access Preparative LCMS Purification of some of the compounds prepared was performed on Waters mass directed fractionation systems. The basic equipment setup, protocols and control software for the operation of these systems have been described in detail in literature. See, e.g., Blom, “Two-Pump At Column Dilution Configuration for Preparative LC-MS”, K. Blom, J. Combi. Chem., 2002, 4, 295-301; Blom et al., “Optimizing Preparative LC-MS Configurations and Methods for Parallel Synthesis Purification”, J. Combi. Chem., 2003, 5, 670-83; and Blom et al., “Preparative LC-MS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization”, J. Combi. Chem., 2004, 6, 874-883.

Example 1 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

Step 1: 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde

To a solution of (2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)methanol (TCI, cat #H0777: 1.45 g, 7.31 mmol) in methylene chloride (15 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (3.26 g, 7.68 mmol) portion-wise at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min then quenched by NaHCO₃ solution and Na₂S₂O₃ solution. The mixture was extracted with methylene chloride and the combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-5% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₁₄H₁₃O (M+H)+: m/z=197.1; found 197.1.

Step 2: 3-ethynyl-2-methylbiphenyl

To a solution of 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde (589 mg, 3.00 mmol) and dimethyl (1-diazo-2-oxopropyl)phosphonate (650 mg, 4.00 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was added potassium carbonate (830 mg, 6.00 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then quenched by water. The mixture was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (100% hexanes) to give the desired product.

Step 3: methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 5-bromo-6-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate (Ark Pharm, cat #AK100454: 99 mg, 0.42 mmol) in dry 1, 4-dioxane (1 mL) were added 3-ethynyl-2-methylbiphenyl (90 mg, 0.47 mmol), dichloro[bis(triphenylphosphoranyl)]palladium (10 mg, 0.02 mmol), copper(I) iodide (4 mg, 0.02 mmol) and triethylamine (200 μL). The mixture was purged with N₂, then refluxed for 7 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc then filtered through a pad of Celite. The filtrate was washed with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 10% EtOAc/Hexanes to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₈NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=344.1; found 344.1.

Step 4: 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde

To a solution of methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate (144 mg, 0.42 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) was added lithium tetrahydroaluminate in THF (1.0 M, 300 μL, 0.3 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was slowly warmed up to room temperature. Then the mixture was quenched with ethyl acetate followed by water and sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was used in the next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₈NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=316.1; found 316.0.

The above residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (1 mL) then Dess-Martin periodinane (180 mg, 0.42 mmol) was added at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 min and then quenched with NaHCO₃ solution and Na₂S₂O₃ solution. The mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 25% EtOAc/Hexanes to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₆NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=314.1; found 314.1.

Step 5: 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

A solution of 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde (10 mg, 0.03 mmol) and ethanolamine (5.5 μL, 0.092 mmol) in methylene chloride (0.4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (19 mg, 0.092 mmol) and acetic acid (3.5 μL, 0.061 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₃N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=359.2; found 359.2.

Example 2 (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1 with (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine in Step 5. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₇H₂₇N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=427.2; found 427.2.

Example 3 2-({[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

Step 1: 6-chloro-2-iodo-4-methylpyridin-3-ol

To a solution of 6-chloro-4-methylpyridin-3-ol (AstaTech, cat #BL009435: 200. mg, 1.39 mmol) and sodium carbonate (440 mg, 4.2 mmol) in water (5 mL) and tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added iodine (530 mg, 2.1 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined extracts were dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₆H₆ClINO (M+H)⁺: m/z=269.9; found 269.9.

Step 2: 5-chloro-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 3 with 6-chloro-2-iodo-4-methylpyridin-3-ol replacing 5-bromo-6-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate. The crude material was used directly in the next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₇CNO (M+H)⁺: m/z=334.1; found 334.1.

Step 3: 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-vinylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine

A mixture of 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (89 μL, 0.52 mmol), 5-chloro-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine (120 mg, 0.35 mmol), potassium phosphate (186 mg, 0.875 mmol) and dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (10 mg, 0.02 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) and water (0.6 mL) was purged with N₂ and then stirred at 100° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then diluted with EtOAc and water. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and then concentrated. The residue was used directly for the next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₀NO (M+H)⁺: m/z=326.2; found 326.2.

Step 4: 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde

To a mixture of 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-vinylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine (110 mg, 0.34 mmol), sodium metaperiodate (400 mg, 2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) and water (0.4 mL) was added osmium tetraoxide in water (0.16 M, 200 μL, 0.03 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h, then diluted with methylene chloride, washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₈NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=328.1; found 328.1.

Step 5: 2-({[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (product from Step 4) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₄H₂₅N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=373.2; found 373.2.

Example 4 (2S)-1-{[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 3 with (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine in Step 5. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₈H₂₉N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=441.2; found 441.1.

Example 5 2-({[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

Step 1: methyl 5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxylate

A mixture of methyl 6-bromo-5-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate (Ark Pharm, cat #AK25486: 205 mg, 0.884 mmol), potassium carbonate (300 mg, 2.2 mmol), dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (67 mg, 0.088 mmol) and trimethylboroxine (140 μL, 0.97 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (8 mL) was purged with N₂ then stirred at 100° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then diluted with EtOAc and washed with water. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-15% EtOAc in hexanes gradient) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₈H₁₀NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=168.1; found 168.1.

Step 2: methyl 4-bromo-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxylate (35.0 mg, 0.209 mmol) in methanol (550 μL) was added sodium methoxide in methanol (4.89 M, 43 μL, 0.21 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring at room temperature for 30 min, N-bromosuccinimide (37.3 mg, 0.209 mmol) was added into the mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then quenched by acetic acid and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-25% EtOAc in hexanes gradient) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₈H₉BrNO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=246.0; found 246.0.

Step 3: methyl 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxylate

This compound was prepared using similar procedure as described for Example 1, Step 3 with methyl 4-bromo-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxylate replacing 5-bromo-6-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EtOAc then filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatograph (0-10% EtOAc) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₀NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=358.1; found 358.1.

Step 4: 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 4 with methyl 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxylate (product from Step 3) replacing methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 0 to 35% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₈NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=328.1; found 328.1.

Step 5: 2-({[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (product from Step 4) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde. The crude material was diluted with methanol and purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₄H₂₅N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=373.2; found 373.2.

Example 6 (2S)-1-{[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 5 with (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine in Step 5. The resulting mixture was purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₈H₂₉N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=441.2; found 441.1.

Example 7 (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate

A mixture of methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate (ArkPharm, cat #AK-76584: 49 mg, 0.29 mmol), 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde (69 mg, 0.35 mmol) and zinc triflate (10 mg, 0.03 mmol) in ethanol (1.5 mL) was refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride (1.5 mL) then dichlorodicyanoquinone (100 mg, 0.6 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with NaHCO₃ solution, Na₂S₂O₃ solution, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₈NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=344.1; found 344.1.

Step 2:2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 4 with methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate (product from Step 1) replacing methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₆NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=314.1; found 314.1.

Step 3: (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbaldehyde (product from Step 2) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde and (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₇H₂₇N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=427.2; found 427.2.

Example 8 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbaldehyde (Example 7, Step 2) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₃N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=359.2; found 359.2.

Example 9 (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carboxylate

This compound was prepared using a similar procedure as described for Example 1, Step 3 with methyl 5-bromo-6-hydroxynicotinate (ArkPharm, cat #AK-25063) replacing 5-bromo-6-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on a silica gel column to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₈NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=344.1; found 344.1.

Step 2: 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 4 with methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate (product from Step 1) replacing methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₆NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=314.1; found 314.1.

Step 3: (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (product from Step 2) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde and (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₇H₂₇N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=427.2; found 427.2.

Example 10 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (Example 9, Step 2) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₃N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=359.2; found 359.2.

Example 11 (2S)-1-{[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: 5-bromo-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 7, Step 1 with 2-amino-4-bromo-6-methylphenol (Combi-Blocks, cat #AN-2889) replacing methyl 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoate (ArkPharm, cat #AK-76584). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was used directly for next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₇BrNO (M+H)⁺: m/z=378.0; found 378.0.

Step 2:7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-vinyl-1,3-benzoxazole

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 3, Step 3 with 5-bromo-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole (product from Step 1) replacing 5-chloro-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine. The crude product was used directly for next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₀NO (M+H)⁺: m/z=326.2; found 326.2.

Step 3: 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 3, Step 4 with 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-vinyl-1,3-benzoxazole (product from Step 2) replacing 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-vinylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient, 0-10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₈NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=328.1; found 328.1.

Step 4: (2S)-1-{[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbaldehyde (product from Step 3) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde and (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine. The crude material was purified via prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₈H₂₉N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=441.2; found 441.2.

Example 12 2-({[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carbaldehyde (Example 11, Step 3) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₄H₂₅N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=373.2; found 373.2.

Example 13 (2S)-1-{[2-(2-cyanobiphenyl-3-yl)-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: 3-bromobiphenyl-2-carbonitrile

A mixture of 2-bromo-6-iodobenzonitrile (Combi-Blocks, cat #QA-5802: 1.51 g, 4.90 mmol), phenylboronic acid (0.627 g, 5.14 mmol), dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclo hexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (0.2 g, 0.05 mmol) and potassium phosphate (2.6 g, 12 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) and water (3 mL) was purged with N₂ then stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then diluted with EtOAc and water. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (gradient, 0-20% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₁₃H₉BrN (M+H)⁺: m/z=258.0; found 257.9.

Step 2: 3-formylbiphenyl-2-carbonitrile

To a solution of 3-bromobiphenyl-2-carbonitrile (222 mg, 0.86 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) was added isopropylmagnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 M, 520 μL, 1.0 mmol) at −30° C. The mixture was stirred at −30° C. for 3 h then N,N-dimethylformamide (200 μL, 2.6 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was warmed up slowly to room temperature and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate then extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient, 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₁₄H₁₀NO (M+H)⁺: m/z=208.1; found 208.0.

Step 3: (2S)-1-{[2-(2-cyanobiphenyl-3-yl)-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 11 with 3-formylbiphenyl-2-carbonitrile (product from Step 2) replacing 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde in Steps 1. The reaction mixture was purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₈H₂₆N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=452.2; found 452.2.

Example 14 3-(5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)biphenyl-2-carbonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 13 with ethanolamine replacing (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in the last step. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₄H₂₂N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=384.2; found 384.2.

Example 15 (2S)-1-({2-[3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: [3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]methanol

A mixture of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (139 mg, 0.69 mmol), potassium phosphate (360 mg, 1.7 mmol), 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylboronic acid (0.130 g, 0.724 mmol) and dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (0.03 g, 0.03 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was purged with N₂ then stirred at 90° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then quenched water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was used directly in the next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₁₆H₁₅O₂ (M+H-H₂O)⁺: m/z=239.1; found 239.1.

Step 2: 3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzaldehyde

To a solution of [3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]methanol (171 mg, 0.667 mmol) in methylene chloride (3.4 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (280 mg, 0.67 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min then quenched by a mixture of NaHCO₃ solution and Na₂S₂O₃ solution and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-40% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₁₆H₁₅O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=255.1; found 255.1.

Step 3: (2S)-1-({2-[3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 11 with 3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzaldehyde (product from Step 2) replacing 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde in Step 1. The resulting mixture was purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₃H₃₁N₂O₅ (M+H)⁺: m/z=499.2; found 499.2.

Example 16 2-[({2-[3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)amino]ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 15 with ethanolamine replacing (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in last step. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₆H₂₇N₂O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=431.2; found 431.2.

Example 17 (2S)-1-({2-[2-cyano-3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)phenyl]-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: 2-bromo-6-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzonitrile

A mixture of 2-bromo-6-iodobenzonitrile (Combi-Blocks, cat #QA-5802: 198 mg, 0.64 mmol), 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-ylboronic acid (110 mg, 0.61 mmol), dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (0.02 g, 0.03 mmol) and potassium phosphate (340 mg, 1.6 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.4 mL) was purged with N₂ then stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then diluted water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined extract was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient, 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₁₅H₁₁BrNO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=316.0; found 316.0.

Step 2: 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-6-vinylbenzonitrile

A mixture of 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (110 μL, 0.66 mmol), 2-bromo-6-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzonitrile (140 mg, 0.44 mmol), potassium phosphate (235 mg, 1.11 mmol) and dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (20 mg, 0.02 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) and water (0.8 mL) was purged with N₂ then stirred at 100° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ then concentrated. The residue was used directly for next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₁₇H₁₄NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=264.1; found 264.1.

Step 3: 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-6-formylbenzonitrile

To a mixture of 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-6-vinylbenzonitrile (100 mg, 0.40 mmol), sodium metaperiodate (400 mg, 2 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added osmium tetraoxide in water (0.16 M, 200 μL, 0.04 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h then diluted with methylene chloride, washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₁₆H₁₂NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z 266.1; found 266.1.

Step 4: (2S)-1-({2-[2-cyano-3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)phenyl]-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 11 with 3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzaldehyde (product from Step 3) replacing 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde in Step 1. The reaction mixture was purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₃H₂₈N₃O₅ (M+H)⁺: m/z=510.2; found 510.2.

Example 18 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-6-(5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)benzonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 17 with ethanolamine replacing (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in the last step. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₆H₂₄N₃O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=442.2; found 442.2.

Example 19 (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: 2-chloro-1,3-benzothiazole-5-carbaldehyde

To a solution of 2-chloro-1,3-benzothiazole-5-carbonitrile (ArkPharm, cat #AK-80680: 48 mg, 0.25 mmol) in a mixture of toluene (1 mL) and methylene chloride (1 mL) was slowly added 1.0 M diisobutyl aluminum hydride in THF (100. μL, 0.10 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 2 h then slowly warmed up to −10° C. and quenched with Rochells' salt solution. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 1 h. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO₄ then concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient, 0-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₈H₅ClNOS (M+H)⁺: m/z=198.0; found 198.0.

Step 2: methyl (2S)-1-[(2-chloro-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl)methyl]piperidine-2-carboxylate

To a solution of 2-chloro-1,3-benzothiazole-5-carbaldehyde (18 mg, 0.091 mmol), methyl (2S)-piperidine-2-carboxylate hydrogen chloride (30 mg, 0.2 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (30 μL, 0.2 mmol) in methylene chloride (0.4 mL) was added acetic acid (5 μL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h then sodium triacetoxyborohydride (80 mg, 0.4 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 1 h then cooled to room temperature, quenched by ammonium hydroxide solution and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (0-30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₁₅H₁₈ClN₂O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=325.1; found 325.1.

Step 3:4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane

A mixture of 3-chloro-2-methylbiphenyl (0.440 mL, 2.47 mmol) (Aldrich, cat #361623), 4,4,5,5,4′,4′,5′,5′-octamethyl-[2,2′]bi[[1,3,2]dioxaborolanyl] (1.88 g, 7.40 mmol), palladium acetate (22.2 mg, 0.0987 mmol), K₃PO₄ (1.57 g, 7.40 mmol) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2′,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl (101 mg, 0.247 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) was purged with nitrogen then stirred at room temperature for 48 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (DCM), then washed over water and brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 5% EtOAc/DCM to give the desired product (656 mg, 90%). LC-MS calculated for C₁₉H₂₄BO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=295.2; found 295.2.

Step 4: Methyl (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylate

A mixture of 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (17 mg, 0.058 mmol), potassium phosphate (18.0 mg, 0.0847 mmol), dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclo hexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (2.6 mg, 0.0034 mmol) and methyl (2S)-1-[(2-chloro-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl)methyl]piperidine-2-carboxylate (11 mg, 0.034 mmol) in 1,4-Dioxane (0.5 mL) and water (0.1 mL) was purged with N₂ and then stirred at 90° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient, 0-30% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₈H₂₉N₂O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=457.2; found 457.2.

Step 5: (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

To a mixture of methyl (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylate (7.0 mg, 0.015 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (0.1 mL) and methanol (0.1 mL) was added lithium hydroxide hydrate (8 mg, 0.2 mmol) and water (0.1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₇H₂₇N₂O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=443.2; found 443.2.

Example 20 (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: [2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedure as described for Example 1, Step 3 with 2-bromo-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-3-ol (Oakwood, cat #047047) replacing 5-bromo-6-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate. The crude material was used directly for next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₈NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=316.1; found 316.1.

Step 2: 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde

To a solution of [2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methanol (87 mg, 0.28 mmol) in methylene chloride (1.4 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (120 mg, 0.28 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min then quenched with NaHCO₃ solution and Na₂S₂O₃ solution. The mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 30% EtOAc/Hexanes to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₆NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=314.1; found 314.1.

Step 3: (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (product from Step 2) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde, and (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₇H₂₇N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=427.2; found 427.2.

Example 21 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde (Example 20, Step 2) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₃N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=359.2; found 359.2.

Example 22 (2S)-1-{[4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: 6-bromo-2-iodo-4-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole

To a suspension of 6-bromo-4-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine (ChemBridge, cat #4029174: 284 mg, 1.17 mmol) and iodine (590 mg, 2.3 mmol) in acetonitrile (11.3 mL) was added tert-butyl nitrite (0.33 mL, 2.8 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min then stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with water. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was used directly in the next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₈H₆BrINS (M+H)⁺: m/z=353.8; found 353.8.

Step 2: 4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-6-vinyl-1,3-benzothiazole

A mixture of 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (Example 19, Step 3: 88 mg, 0.30 mmol), potassium phosphate (159 mg, 0.748 mmol), dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclo hexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (10 mg, 0.01 mmol) and 6-bromo-2-iodo-4-methyl-1,3-benzothiazole (60 mg, 0.2 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was purged with N₂ then stirred at 100° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclo hexylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) (10 mg, 0.01 mmol), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (76 μL, 0.45 mmol) and potassium phosphate (159 mg, 0.748 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was purged with N₂ then stirred at 100° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ then concentrated. The residue was used directly in the next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₀NS (M+H)⁺: m/z=342.1; found 342.1.

Step 3: 4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazole-6-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 3, Step 4 with 4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-6-vinyl-1,3-benzothiazole (product from Step 2) replacing 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-vinylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (0-10% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₈NOS (M+H)⁺: m/z=344.1; found 344.1.

Step 4: (2S)-1-{[4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazole-6-carbaldehyde (product from Step 3) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde, and (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂H₂₉N₂O₂S (M+H)⁺: m/z=457.2; found 457.2.

Example 23 2-({[4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazole-6-carbaldehyde (Example 22, Step 3) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₄H₂₅N₂₀S (M+H)⁺: m/z=389.2; found 389.2.

Example 24 2-({[6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

Step 1: methyl 6-bromo-5-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 5-hydroxypyrazine-2 carboxylate (ArkPharm, cat #24812: 145 mg, 0.94 mmol) in N, N-dimethylformamide (4 mL) was added N-bromo succinimide (200 mg, 1.13 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h then quenched by NaHCO₃ solution. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by column chromatography (gradient, 0-80% MeOH in DCM) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₆H₆BrN₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=233.0; found 232.9.

Step 2: methyl 6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazine-2-carboxylate

This compound was prepared using similar procedure as described for Example 1, Step 3 with methyl 6-bromo-5-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxylate (product from Step 1) replacing 5-bromo-6-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate. The crude material was purified by column chromatograph (0-40% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₇N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=345.1; found 345.1.

Step 3: 6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazine-2-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 4 with methyl 6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazine-2-carboxylate (product from Step 2) replacing methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate. The crude material was purified by column chromatography (gradient, 0-25% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₀H₁₅N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=315.1; found 315.1.

Step 4: 2-({[6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazine-2-carbaldehyde (product from Step 3) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₂₂N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=360.2; found 360.2.

Example 25 (2S)-1-{[6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1, Step 5 with 6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazine-2-carbaldehyde (Example 24, Step 3) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde, and (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₆H₂₆N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=428.2; found 428.2.

Example 26 (2S)-1-{[6-(cyanomethoxy)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzoate

To a solution of methyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Aldrich, cat #M42505: 9.15 g, 54.4 mmol) in acetic anhydride (34 mL) and acetic acid (66 mL) was slowly added a mixture of nitric acid (3.82 mL, 63.8 mmol) in acetic acid (30 mL) at 0° C. After addition, a light brown solution was formed. Then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, after which a suspension had formed. Water (130 mL) was added, whereupon the mixture was aged for another 30 min without stirring. The precipitate was filtered, rinsed with small amount of water, and dried under vacuum to give crude product, which was used directly in the next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₈H₈NO₆ (M+H)⁺: m/z=214.0; found 214.0.

Step 2: methyl 5-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoate

Methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrobenzoate (592 mg, 2.78 mmol) was hydrogenated under ambient pressure of hydrogen using palladium on carbon (10 wt %, 300 mg, 0.28 mmol) in ethyl acetate (30 mL) for 3 h. The resulting suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with ethyl acetate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give crude product, which was used directly without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₈H₁₀NO₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=184.1; found 184.0.

Step 3: methyl 6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate

A mixture of methyl 5-amino-2, 4-dihydroxybenzoate (660 mg, 3.60 mmol), 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde (777.8 mg, 3.96 mmol) in ethanol (23 mL) was placed in a vial and stirred at room temperature overnight. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₂₀NO₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=362.1; found 362.1. The mixture was then concentrated. The residue was redissolved in methylene chloride (20 mL) and dichlorodicyanoquinone (981 mg, 4.32 mmol) was added.

The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction was diluted with methylene chloride and washed with a Na₂S₂O₃ solution and NaHCO₃ solution. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₈NO₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=360.1; found 360.1.

Step 4: 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-ol

To a solution of methyl 6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate (845.3 mg, 2.35 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was added lithium tetrahydroaluminate in THF (1.0 M, 1600 μL) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was slowly warmed up to room temperature. Then the mixture was quenched with ethyl acetate followed by water and sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate three times. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was used in the next step without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₈NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=332.1; found 332.1.

Step 5: {[5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile

To 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-ol in N,N-dimethylformamide (0.64 mL) was added potassium carbonate (34.1 mg, 0.247 mmol) and bromoacetonitrile (17.2 μL, 0.247 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 40 min. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with EtOAc, quenched with water. After extraction, the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was used directly without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₉N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=371.1; found 371.1.

Step 6: {[5-formyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile

{[5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile (52 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (0.4 mL) and treated with Dess-Martin periodinane (60.1 mg, 0.142 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. and then was quenched with a NaHCO₃ solution and Na₂S₂O₃ solution. The mixture was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic phase was combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 45% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₁₇N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=369.1; found 369.2.

Step 7: (2S)-1-{[6-(cyanomethoxy)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1 with {[5-formyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile (product from Step 6) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde and (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid replacing ethanolamine in Step 5. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₉H₂₈N₃O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=482.2; found 482.2.

Example 27 {[5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with ethanolamine replacing (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in Step 7. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₅H₂₄N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=414.2; found 414.2.

Example 28 (2S)-1-{[6-(3-cyanopropoxy)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 4-bromobutanenitrile (Aldrich, cat #B59802) replacing bromoacetonitrile in Step 5. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₃₁H₃₂N₃O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=510.2; found 510.3.

Example 29 3-({[5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}methyl)benzonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with m-cyanobenzyl bromide (Aldrich, cat #145610) replacing bromoacetonitrile in Step 5 and ethanolamine replacing (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in Step 7. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₃₁H₂₈N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=490.2; found 490.2.

Example 30 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 2-(bromomethyl)pyridine replacing bromoacetonitrile in Step 5 and ethanolamine replacing (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in Step 7. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₉H₂₈N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=466.2; found 466.3.

Example 31 2-({[6-methoxy-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with methyl iodide replacing bromoacetonitrile in Step 5 and ethanolamine replacing (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in Step 7. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₄H₂₅N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=389.2; found 389.2.

Example 32 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-6-(2-morpholin-4-ylethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 4-(2-bromoethyl)morpholine hydrogen chloride replacing bromoacetonitrile in Step 5 and ethanolamine replacing (S)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid in Step 7. The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₉H₃₄N₃O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=488.2; found 488.2.

Example 33 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)[1,3]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

Step 1: 6-chloro-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)[1,3]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 7 with 4-amino-6-chloropyridin-3-ol hydrochloride (Anichem, cat #K10684) replacing methyl 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate in Step 1. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 30% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₁₉H₁₄ClN₂O (M+H)⁺: m/z=321.1; found 321.1.

Step 2: 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-6-vinyl[1,3]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine

This compound was prepare using similar procedures as described for Example 3 with 6-chloro-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)[1,3]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine replacing 5-chloro-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine in Step 3. The residue was used directly for next step. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₇N₂₀ (M+H)⁺: m/z=313.1; found 313.1.

Step 3:2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)[1,3]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 7 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-6-vinyl[1,3]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine replacing 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-vinylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine in Step 4. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 40% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₀H₁₅N₂O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=315.1; found 315.0.

Step 4: 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)[1,3]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)[1,3]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde (product from Step 3) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde in Step 5.

The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₂₂N₃O₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=360.2; found 360.1.

Example 34 4-{[5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}butanenitrile

Step 1: methyl 7-bromo-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate

To a solution of methyl 6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate (product of Step 3 in Example 26: 223.1 mg, 0.621 mmol) in acetonitrile (4 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL) was slowly added N-bromosuccinimide (122 mg, 0.683 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and then refluxed for 1 h. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Another batch of N-bromosuccinimide (122 mg, 0.683 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 30 min. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and quenched with water. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, and then concentrated to give a residue, which was used directly without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₇BrNO₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=438.0, 440.0; found 438.0, 440.0

Step 2: methyl 6-hydroxy-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 5 with methyl 7-bromo-6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate (product from Step 1) replacing methyl 6-bromo-5-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate in Step 1. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 20% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₃H₂₀NO₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=374.1; found 374.1.

Step 3:4-{[5-formyl-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}butanenitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with methyl 6-hydroxy-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate (product from Step 2) replacing methyl 6-hydroxy-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate in Step 4-6. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 60% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₆H₂₃N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=411.2; found 411.1.

Step 4: 4-{[5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}butanenitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1 with 4-{[5-formyl-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}butanenitrile (product from Step 3) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde in Step 5. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₈H₃₀N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=456.2; found 456.2.

Example 35 (2S)-1-({6-(cyanomethoxy)-2-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-methylpyridine-2-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 17 with 2-chloro-4-iodo-3-methylpyridine (Aldrich, cat #724092) replacing 2-bromo-6-iodobenzonitrile in Step 1-3. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₁₅H₁₄NO₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=256.1; found 256.1.

Step 2: ({2-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]-5-formyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl}oxy)acetonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-methylpyridine-2-carbaldehyde (product from Step 1) replacing 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde in Step 3-6. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₄H₁₈N₃O₅ (M+H)⁺: m/z=428.1; found 428.1.

Step 3: (2S)-1-({6-(cyanomethoxy)-2-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 2 with ({2-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]-5-formyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl}oxy)acetonitrile (product from Step 2) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde in last step. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as the TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₃H₂₉N₄O₆ (M+H)⁺: m/z=541.2; found 541.3.

Example 36 (2S)-1-({6-(cyanomethoxy)-2-[3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzaldehyde (product from Step 2 in Example 15) replacing 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde in Step 3. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₃₁H₃₀N₃O₆ (M+H)⁺: m/z=540.2; found 540.2.

Example 37 (2S)-1-{[2-[2-cyano-3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)phenyl]-6-(cyanomethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: 1,5-bis(benzyloxy)-2-chloro-4-nitrobenzene

To a solution of 5-bromo-4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (Combi-Blocks, cat #LD-1305: 1603 mg, 6.352 mmol) and benzyl bromide (831 μL, 7.00 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (3 mL) and acetonitrile (6 mL) was added potassium carbonate (1050 mg, 7.62 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 30 min. After filtration, the solution was concentrated and used directly for next step.

To a solution of benzyl alcohol (3200 μL, 31 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (12 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 324 mg, 8.10 mmol) at 0° C.

The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. The mixture was added dropwisely to a solution of crude 1-(benzyloxy)-5-bromo-4-chloro-2-nitrobenzene in N,N-dimethylformamide (6 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and then concentrated to yield a crude product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₀H₁₇CNaNO₄ (M+Na)⁺: m/z=392.1; found 392.1.

Step 2: 4-amino-6-chlorobenzene-1,3-diol

To a mixture of crude 1,5-bis(benzyloxy)-2-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (319.1 mg, 0.8629 mmol) and palladium on carbon (10 wt %, 63 mg, 0.059 mmol) in methanol (3.0 mL) was added triethylsilane (1380 μL, 8.63 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. Upon completion, the mixture was filtered; the filtrate was concentrated and used directly. LC-MS calculated for C₆H₇ClNO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=160.0; found 160.0.

Step 3: 2-(5-chloro-6-hydroxy-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-6-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 4-amino-6-chlorobenzene-1,3-diol (product from Step 2) replacing methyl 5-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-6-formylbenzonitrile replacing 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde in Step 3. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 60% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₂H₁₄ClN₂O₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=405.1; found 405.0.

Step 4:2-[6-(cyanomethoxy)-5-vinyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl]-6-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzonitrile

A mixture of potassium trifluoro(vinyl)borate (22.7 mg, 0.169 mmol), 2-[5-chloro-6-(cyanomethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl]-6-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzonitrile (50.1 mg, 0.113 mmol), potassium phosphate (71.9 mg, 0.339 mmol) and dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene] palladium(II) (10 mg, 0.02 mmol) in a mixed solvent of water (0.5 mL) and tert-butanol (0.5 mL) was purged with N₂ and then stirred at 100° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and then diluted with EtOAc and water. The aqeuous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ and then concentrated under vacuum. The crude material was used directly without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₆H₁₈N₃₀₄ (M+H)⁺: m/z=436.1; found 436.1.

Step 5: 2-[6-(cyanomethoxy)-5-formyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl]-6-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 3 with 2-[6-(cyanomethoxy)-5-vinyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl]-6-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzonitrile (product from Step 4) replacing 7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-vinylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine in Step 4. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₅H₁₆N₃O₅ (M+H)⁺: m/z=438.1; found 438.1.

Step 6: (2S)-1-{[2-[2-cyano-3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)phenyl]-6-(cyanomethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 2-[6-(cyanomethoxy)-5-formyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl]-6-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzonitrile (product from Step 5) replacing {[5-formyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile in last step. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₃₁H₂₇N₄O₆ (M+H)⁺: m/z=551.2; found 551.2.

Example 38 (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

Step 1: 6-bromo-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 2-amino-5-bromophenol (Combi-Blocks, cat #SS-6172) replacing methyl 5-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoate in Step 3. The crude material was used directly without further purification. LC-MS calculated for C₂₀H₁₅BrNO (M+H)⁺: m/z=364.0; found 364.0.

Step 2: 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-6-carbaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 3 with 6-bromo-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole replacing 5-chloro-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine in Step 3-4. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 30% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₂₁H₁₆NO₂ (M+H)⁺: m/z=314.1; found 314.1.

Step 3: (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic Acid

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 2 with 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazole-6-carbaldehyde (product from Step 2) replacing 2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carbaldehyde in Step 5. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=10, acetonitrile/water+NH₄OH) to give the desired product. LC-MS calculated for C₂₇H₂₇N₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=427.2; found 427.1.

Example 39 [(2-(2′-fluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetonitrile

Step 1: 3-bromo-2-methylbenzaldehyde

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 1 with (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (Aurum Pharmtech, cat #q-7366) replacing (2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)methanol in Step 1. TLC monitored the completion of reaction. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes.

Step 2: {[2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-formyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 26 with 3-bromo-2-methylbenzaldehyde replacing 2-methylbiphenyl-3-carbaldehyde in Step 3-6.

The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 50% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₁₇H₁₂BrN₂O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=371.0, 373.0; found 371.0, 373.0.

Step 3:[(2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 27 with {[2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-formyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile replacing {[5-formyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile in last step. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 0 to 70% EtOAc/Hexanes. LC-MS calculated for C₁₉H₁₉BrN₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=416.1, 418.1; found 416.1, 418.1.

Step 4: [(2-(2′-fluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetonitrile

A N₂ degassed solution of [(2-(3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl) amino]methyl}-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetonitrile (10.7 mg, 0.0257 mmol), (2-fluorophenyl) boronic acid (4.32 mg, 0.0308 mmol), dichloro[1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene] palladium(II) (0.97 mg, 0.0013 mmol) and sodium carbonate (6.81 mg, 0.0643 mmol) in a mixed solvent of tert-butyl alcohol (0.1 mL) and water (0.05 mL) was heated to 100° C. for 3 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature.

The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₅H₂₃FN₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=432.2; found 432.2.

Example 40 [(2-(3-cyclohex-1-en-1-yl-2-methylphenyl)-5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetonitrile

This compound was prepared using similar procedures as described for Example 39 with 2-cyclohex-1-en-1-yl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (Aldrich, cat #650277) replacing (2-fluorophenyl)boronic acid in Step 4. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and then purified by prep-HPLC (pH=2, acetonitrile/water+TFA) to give the desired product as TFA salt. LC-MS calculated for C₂₅H₂₈N₃O₃ (M+H)⁺: m/z=418.2; found 418.2.

Example A. PD-1/PD-L Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) Binding Assay

The assays were conducted in a standard black 384-well polystyrene plate with a final volume of 20 μL. Inhibitors were first serially diluted in DMSO and then added to the plate wells before the addition of other reaction components. The final concentration of DMSO in the assay was 1%. The assays were carried out at 25° C. in the PBS buffer (pH 7.4) with 0.05% Tween-20 and 0.1% BSA. Recombinant human PD-L1 protein (19-238) with a His-tag at the C-terminus was purchased from AcroBiosystems (PD1-H5229). Recombinant human PD-1 protein (25-167) with Fc tag at the C-terminus was also purchased from AcroBiosystems (PD1-H5257). PD-L1 and PD-1 proteins were diluted in the assay buffer and 10 μL was added to the plate well. Plates were centrifuged and proteins were preincubated with inhibitors for 40 minutes. The incubation was followed by the addition of 10 μL of HTRF detection buffer supplemented with Europium cryptate-labeled anti-human IgG (PerkinElmer-AD0212) specific for Fe and anti-His antibody conjugated to SureLight®-Allophycocyanin (APC, PerkinElmer-AD0059H). After centrifugation, the plate was incubated at 25° C. for 60 min. before reading on a PHERAstar FS plate reader (665 nm/620 nm ratio). Final concentrations in the assay were—3 nM PD1, 10 nM PD-L1, 1 nM europium anti-human IgG and 20 nM anti-His-Allophycocyanin.IC₅₀ determination was performed by fitting the curve of percent control activity versus the log of the inhibitor concentration using the GraphPad Prism 5.0 software.

Compounds of the present disclosure, as exemplified in Examples 1-40, showed IC₅₀ values in the following ranges: +=IC₅₀≤10 nM; ++=10 nM<IC₅₀≤100 nM; +++=100 nM<IC₅₀≤1000 nM

Data obtained for the Example compounds using the PD-1/PD-L homogenous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) binding assay described in Example A is provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 PD-1/PD-L1 HTRF Example IC₅₀ (nM) 1 ++ 2 +++ 3 ++ 4 ++ 5 ++ 6 ++ 7 ++ 8 + 9 +++ 10 ++ 11 + 12 + 13 ++ 14 + 15 ++ 16 + 17 ++ 18 + 19 +++ 20 +++ 21 ++ 22 ++ 23 ++ 24 ++ 25 +++ 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 ++ 30 + 31 + 32 + 33 ++ 34 ++ 35 ++ 36 + 37 ++ 38 ++ 39 + 40 ++

Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference, including without limitation all patent, patent applications, and publications, cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

1-46. (canceled)
 47. A compound of Formula (I′):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Y¹ is CH; Y² is CH; Y³ is N or CH; one of X¹ and X² is O or S and the other of X¹ and X² is N, CR¹ or CR²; X³ is N or CR³; X⁴ is CR⁴; X⁵ is N or CR⁵; X⁶ is N or CR⁶;

is a single bond or a double bond to maintain ring A being aromatic; provided that

is selected from:

Cy is phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, cyclohex-1-en-1-yl, or 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl; R¹ and R² are each H; R⁹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, Cl, Br, or CN; R³ is H; R⁶ is H or CH₃; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from H, halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), NHOR^(a), C(O)R^(a), C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)NR^(a)R^(a), NHR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), NR^(a)C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NR^(a))R^(a), C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), and S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R⁴ and R⁵ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R^(b) substituents, with the proviso that at least one of R⁴ and R⁵ is other than H; each R^(a) is independently selected from H, CN, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(a) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(d) substituents; each R^(d) is independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, halo, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, CN, NH₂, NHOR^(e), OR^(e), SR^(e), C(O)R^(e), C(O)NR^(e)R^(e), C(O)OR^(e), OC(O)R^(e), OC(O)NR^(e)R^(e), NHR^(e), NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(O)OR^(e), C(═NR^(e))NR^(e)R^(e), NR^(e)C(═NR^(e))NR^(e)R^(e), S(O)R^(e), S(O)NR^(e)R^(e), S(O)₂R^(e), NR^(e)S(O)₂R^(e), NR^(e)S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(e), and S(O)₂NR^(e)R^(e), wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl of R^(d) are each further optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(q) substituents; each R^(b) substituent is independently selected from halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, OH, NH₂, NO₂, NHOR^(c), OR^(c), SR^(c), C(O)R^(c), C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), C(O)OR^(c), OC(O)R^(c), OC(O)NR^(c)R^(c), C(═NR^(c))NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)C(═NR^(c))NR^(c)R^(c), NHR^(c), NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)C(O)R^(c), NR^(c)C(O)OR^(c), NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)₂R^(c), NR^(c)S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)R^(c), S(O)NR^(c)R^(c), S(O)₂R^(c) and S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(c); wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(b) are each further optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(d) substituents; each R^(c) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(c) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(f) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, halo, CN, NHOR^(g), OR^(g), SR^(g), C(O)R^(g), C(O)NR^(g)R^(g), C(O)OR^(g), OC(O)R^(g), OC(O)NR^(g)R^(g), NHR^(g), NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(O)OR^(g), C(═NR^(g))NR^(g)R^(g), NR^(g)C(═NR^(g))NR^(g)R^(g), S(O)R^(g), S(O)NR^(g)R^(g), S(O)₂R⁵, NR^(g)S(O)₂R^(g), NR^(g)S(O)₂NR^(g)R^(g), and S(O)₂NR^(g)R^(g); wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(f) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^(n) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, halo, CN, R^(o), NHOR^(o), OR^(o), SR^(o), C(O)R^(o), C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), C(O)OR^(o), OC(O)R^(o), OC(O)NR^(o)R^(o), NHR^(o), NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(O)OR^(o), C(═NR^(o))NR^(o)R^(o), NR^(o)C(═NR^(o))NR^(o)R^(o), S(O)R^(o), S(O)NR^(o)R^(o), S(O)₂R^(o), NR^(o)S(O)₂R^(o), NR^(o)S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o), and S(O)₂NR^(o)R^(o); each R^(g) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(g) are each optionally substituted with 1-3 independently selected R^(p) substituents; or any two R^(a) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9- or 10-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(h) substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-6 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, halo, CN, OR^(i), SR^(i), NHOR^(i), C(O)R^(i), C(O)NR^(i)R^(i), C(O)OR^(i), OC(O)R^(i), OC(O)NR^(i)R^(i), NHR^(i), NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(O)OR^(i), C(═NR^(i))NR^(i)R^(i), NR^(i)C(═NR^(i))NR^(i)R^(i), S(O)R^(i), S(O)NR^(i)R^(i), S(O)₂R^(i), NR^(i)S(O)₂R^(i), NR^(i)S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(i), and S(O)₂NR^(i)R^(i), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-6 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R^(h) are each further optionally substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R^(J) substituents independently selected from C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, C₂₋₄ alkynyl, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, CN, NHOR^(k), OR^(k), SR^(k), C(O)R^(k), C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), C(O)OR^(k), OC(O)R^(k), OC(O)NR^(k)R^(k), NHR^(k), NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(O)OR^(k), C(═NR^(k))NR^(k)R^(k), NR^(k)C(═NR^(k))NR^(k)R^(k), S(O)R^(k), S(O)NR^(k)R^(k), S(O)₂R^(k), NR^(k)S(O)₂R^(k), NR^(k)S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k), and S(O)₂NR^(k)R^(k); or two R^(h) groups attached to the same carbon atom of the 4- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl taken together with the carbon atom to which they attach form a C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl or 4- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-2 heteroatoms as ring members selected from O, N and S; or any two R^(c) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents; or any two R^(e) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents; or any two R^(g) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents; or any two R^(o) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents; each R^(e), R^(i), R^(k), R^(o) or R^(p) is independently selected from H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, 5 or 6-membered heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl of R^(e), R^(i), R^(k), R^(o) or R^(p) are each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 R^(q) substituents; and each R^(q) is independently selected from OH, CN, —COOH, NH₂, halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkylthio, phenyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, NHR¹², NR¹²R¹², and C₁₋₄ haloalkoxy, wherein the C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl and 5-6 membered heteroaryl of R^(q) are each optionally substituted with OH, CN, —COOH, NH₂, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl and 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl and each R¹² is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl.
 48. The compound of claim 47, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a stereoisomer thereof, wherein the moiety:

is selected from:


49. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is halo, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, CN, NO₂, OR^(a), SR^(a), NHOR^(a), C(O)R^(a), C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(O)OR^(a), OC(O)R^(a), OC(O)NR^(a)R^(a), NHR^(a), NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)R^(a), NR^(a)C(O)OR^(a), NR^(a)C(O)NR^(a)R^(a), C(═NR^(a))R^(a), C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)C(═NR^(a))NR^(a)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂R^(a), NR^(a)S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)R^(a), S(O)NR^(a)R^(a), S(O)₂R^(a), and S(O)₂NR^(a)R^(a), wherein the C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl, 5-14 membered heteroaryl, 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, (5-14 membered heteroaryl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl-, and (4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl)-C₁₋₄ alkyl- of R⁴ are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R^(b) substituents.
 50. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Cy is phenyl.
 51. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Cy is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl.
 52. The compound of claim 48, having Formula (IV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 53. The compound of claim 48, having Formula (VI):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 54. The compound of claim 48, having formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 55. The compound of claim 48, having formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 56. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is —CH₂—R^(b).
 57. The compound of claim 56, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(b) is —NHR^(c).
 58. The compound of claim 57, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(c) is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with a R^(d) substituent.
 59. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is 2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl.
 60. The compound of claim 56, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R^(b) is —NR^(c)R^(c).
 61. The compound of claim 60, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein two R^(c) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 independently selected R^(h) substituents.
 62. The compound of claim 60, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein two R^(c) substituents together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl substituted with 1 R^(h) substituent.
 63. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is 2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl, 2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl or (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl.
 64. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁵ is H.
 65. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁵ is —CH₂—R^(b).
 66. The compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently selected from 2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl, 2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (S)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (R)-2-carboxypiperidin-1-ylmethyl, (3-cyanophenyl)methoxy, cyanomethoxy, 2-cyanoethoxy, 3-cyanopropoxy, 2-morpholino-4-ylethoxy and pyridin-2-ylmethoxy.
 67. The compound of claim 48, wherein the compound is selected from: 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-6-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-({[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; (2S)-1-{[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-({[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; (2S)-1-{[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; (2S)-1-{[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-({[7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; (2S)-1-{[2-(2-cyanobiphenyl-3-yl)-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-(5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)biphenyl-2-carbonitrile; (2S)-1-({2-[3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-[({2-[3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)amino] ethanol; (2S)-1-({2-[2-cyano-3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)phenyl]-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-6-(5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-7-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)benzonitrile; (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[3,2-b]pyridin-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; (2S)-1-{[4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-({[4-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; 2-({[6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; and (2S)-1-{[6-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)furo[2,3-b]pyrazin-2-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 68. The compound of claim 48, wherein the compound is selected from: (2S)-1-{[6-(cyanomethoxy)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; {[5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}acetonitrile; (2S)-1-{[6-(3-cyanopropoxy)-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-({[5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}methyl)benzonitrile; 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; 2-({[6-methoxy-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; 2-({[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-6-(2-morpholin-4-ylethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}amino)ethanol; 4-{[5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-7-methyl-2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]oxy}butanenitrile; (2S)-1-({6-(cyanomethoxy)-2-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-3-methylpyridin-2-yl]-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; (2S)-1-({6-(cyanomethoxy)-2-[3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl]-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl}methyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; (2S)-1-{[2-[2-cyano-3-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)phenyl]-6-(cyanomethoxy)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; (2S)-1-{[2-(2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl]methyl}piperidine-2-carboxylic acid; [(2-(2′-fluoro-2-methylbiphenyl-3-yl)-5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetonitrile; and [(2-(3-cyclohex-1-en-1-yl-2-methylphenyl)-5-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl}-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)oxy]acetonitrile; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 69. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 70. A method of inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in an individual, said method comprising administering to the individual a compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 71. A method of treating a disease or disorder associated with inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the disease or disorder is a viral infection or cancer.
 73. A method of enhancing, stimulating and/or increasing the immune response in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 48, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 